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Exercise Physiology > Human Energy Transfer > Flashcards

Human Energy Transfer Flashcards

0
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

Total of all energy transformation that occur in the body

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2
Q

Energy transfer

A

All of the metabolic processes that are involved in the production and utilization of adenosine triphosphate

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3
Q

ATP

A

Stored chemical energy that links the energy yielding and energy requiring function within all cells

Currency of cells

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4
Q

Structure of ATP

A

Adenosine linked to three phosphates

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5
Q

Where does ADP come from?

A

ATP + water and catalyzed by adenosine triphosphatase

Hydrogen is also released - no change of pH due to breakdown and rebuild

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6
Q

How is ATP energy released?

A

ATP HYDROLYSIS liberates energy to do biological work

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7
Q

Bioenergetics

A

Flow and exchange of energy within a living system

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8
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Law of conservation of energy - law that human body is subjected to
Energy can neither by created or destroyed

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9
Q

Catabolic

A

Energy is produced from the breakdown of foodstuffs

ADP AND PI SND ENERGY gives ATP (endergonic)

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10
Q

Anabolic

A

Energy is used to build tissues

ATP into ADP AND PI AND ENERGY (exergonic)

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11
Q

Coupled reactions

A

Linking of an energy yielding and energy requiring reaction.

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12
Q

Sliding filament theory and 2ATP uses

A

Thick over thin
Neurotransmitters trigger AP which moves along the cell membrane, then ATP and Ca bind to troponin and a shift as tropomyosin occurs
ATP needed for ca to go back to SR through ATPase pumps

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13
Q

Three types biological work that use energy

A

Mechanical
chemical
transport

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14
Q

Is all the energy from food converted into ATP and mechanical work?

A

No some is released as heat according to the second law of thermodynamics

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15
Q

Food is converted into

A

Mechanical energy and heat

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16
Q

Total energy expenditure is proportional to

A

Work done and heat produced - 2nd law of thermodynamics

17
Q

O2 + macronutrients

A

= ATP And CO 2 and h2o

18
Q

Mechanical work from ATP is measured by

A

Ergo meter

19
Q

Heat from ATP is measured by

A

Direct/indirect calorimeter - o2 and co2 that you breath out

20
Q

What do you need to measure to figure out how much ATP you used?

A

Mechanical work and heat

21
Q

How doe muscles use ATP

A

Binds to myosin heavy chain ATPase which is structurally bond to the myosin head
Cross ridge, power stroke, one to detach the Cross bridge then cocking

22
Q

ATP in skeletal muscle at rest

A

6mmol/kg, 80-100g of ATP

Good because its heavy

23
Q

How much body weight do we resynthesize in ATP per day

A

With normal daily PA, 75 of our body weight

24
Q

How long will stored ATP last us at max activity

A

3s

25
Q

How much ATP is used to run a marathon?

A

80kg

26
Q

What stimulates ATP synthesis?

A

Small changes in the concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi

27
Q

When do ATP levels in skeletal muscle decrease?

A

Extreme exercise, and it never drops below 40% except for death

28
Q

Response to a minimal ATP decrease in cells

A

Rapid change in concentration because there only a small amount of ATP Within the cell

29
Q

5 energy sources for ATP generation

A 
Creating phosphate 
Mayo kinase reaction 
Glucose/glycogen 
Fat 
Protein

All operate at diff rates with PC being the phosphate, as it contains a phosphate group it can immediately re phosphate ADP

30
Q

Short exercises and ATP resynthesis

A

Up to 6 seconds - stored ATP
up to 10 - PC and ADP (myokinase - make two ADP Into ATP and AMP)
30-end - glycogen to glucose to ATP with metabolic by products as lactate and hydrogen

31
Q

Prolonged duration exercise and ATP resynthesis

A

Generated by breakdown of macronutrients by aerobic pathway, using oxygen from myoglobin or delivered by hemoglobin, oxygen deficit removed when activity ends

32
Q

Three biomechanical pathways/systems of ATP resynthesis

A
  1. Phosphogen - ATP-PC alactic - instantaneous - C&ATP
  2. Anaerobic respiration -fast glycolysis, lactic - glycolysis or glyconeogenolysis (predominates) - immediately - ATP & Pyruvic acid that turns into lactic acid
  3. Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, kerbs cycle, ETC/oxidative phosphylation - ongoing but lags to meet increased needs. ATP at 3 places - glycolysis, kerbs and ETC
33
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP in stepwise series of actions - relies heavily upon use of oxygen

34
Q

Substrate level phosphylation

A

Direct transfer of Pi from phosphorylated immediate or substrate to ADP without any oxidation occurring - glycolysis and kerbs

35
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The process by which NADHH and FADH2 are oxidized in the electron transport system and energy is usedtovsynthesize ATP from ADP and Pi

36
Q

Endocrine system in ATP resynthesis

A

Mobilize stored fuel of glucose and FA for regeneration of energy (ATP) to support muscle contraction
e and NE (catecholamines) and growth hormone and cortisol

37
Q

Glucagon

A

Acts on liver to release sugar into blood stream

38
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Breaking protein down to make glucose

39
Q

Relative contribution of anaerobic versus aerobic energy

A

Energy continuum
Short and intense is anaerobic
3s - ATP then at 10s glycolysis then at around 90 aerobic dominates

40
Q

Why is the system approach beneficial? 2

A

Permits classification if demands of exercise, sport and PA

design training programs

41
Q

Timeline of energy systems

A

ATP - PC Predominate in activities of 10 sec
glycolytic - lactic - 1-2 mins
Aerobic - activities greater than 2 mins

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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