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Embroylogy > Respiratory System and Body Cavities > Flashcards

Respiratory System and Body Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

what is the origin of the lung bud?

A

Lung bud derived from the endoderm of the gut tube. .

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2
Q

what does an increase in retinoid acid (RA) cause?

A

causes an up regulation of TF that induce bud formation and continued growth.

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3
Q

What is Diverticulum?

A

Expansion

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4
Q

where do tracheoesophageal ridges form?

A

they form between foregut and bud

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5
Q

The tracheoesophageal ridges fuse and do what?

A

The fuse to separate trachea and oesophagus

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6
Q

what is molecular control?

A

A very powerful signalling molecule. It diffuses into mesoderm and changes gene expression. This then feeds back into part of endoderm and this is where respiratory diverticulum forms.

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7
Q

what is the splanchnopleuric mesoderm?

A

surround lung bud as it grows (where cartilage, smooth m + capillaries form). Signals for branching come from here.

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8
Q

what helps the restrict expansion of the stalk?

A

netrin 1, 4

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9
Q

what is fgf10?

A

powerful growth factor

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10
Q

Mutation of FGF receptor inhibits what?

A

branching

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11
Q

what are possible defect during formation of lungs?

A
  • Oesophageal atresia (blind ending)

- Tracheoesophageal fistula (communication)

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12
Q

Name the 5 stages of the maturation of the lungs.

A

Embryonic, Pseudoglandular, Canalicular, Saccular, Alveolar

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13
Q

when is the time period of the embryonic stage of the maturation of the lungs?

A

26 days- 6 weeks

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14
Q

when is the time period of the Pseudoglandular stage of the maturation of the lungs?

A

6- 16 weeks

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15
Q

when is the time period of the canalicular stage of the maturation of the lungs?

A

16- 28 weeks

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16
Q

when is the time period of the Saccular stage of the maturation of the lungs?

A

28- 36 weeks

17
Q

when is the time period of the Alveolar stage of the maturation of the lungs?

A

36 weeks- early childhood

18
Q

what are the events of the embryonic period?

A

Respiratory diverticulum forms

Initial branching to give lungs, lobes and segments

19
Q

what are the events of the Pseudoglandular period?

A

14 more generations of branching: Terminal bronchioles

20
Q

what are the events of the Canalicular period?

A

Terminal Bronchioles -> more than or equal to 2 Respiratory bronchioles-> 3-6 alveolar ducts

21
Q

what are the events of the Saccular period?

A

Terminal sacs form; Capillaries establish close contact

22
Q

what are the events of the Alveolar period?

A

Alveoli mature

23
Q

As you move down respiratory tree epithelium move from what?

A

columnar to cuboidal

24
Q

Is cuboidal or columnar better for gaseous exchange?

A

columnar

25
Q

Cuboidal cells differentiate into 2 different cells what are they?

A
  • cells flatten and become pneumocytes.

- remaining cells produce surfactant which acts to reduce surface tension and helps breathing.

26
Q

what is the septum Transversum?

A

piece of mesoderm that is main component of diaphragm. As it migrates it brings phrenic nerve with it and moves towards the heart.

27
Q

what is the septum transversum attached to?

A

Attached ventrally to body wall. Dorsally it is not completely attached because of pericardiopertioneal canals.

28
Q

what do the pleuroperitoneal folds do?

A

the grow out on either side towards septum T gradually closing off canals (contains phrenic nerve)

29
Q

what does the phrenic nerve supply?

A

diaphragm

30
Q

IVC enters where?

A

T8

31
Q

oesophagus enters where?

A

T10

32
Q

Aorta enters where?

A

T12

33
Q

congenital diaphragmatic hernia is due to what?

A

mostly due to failure of closure of pericardioperitoneal canals usually on the left side.

34
Q

how do abdominal organs move into the thoracic cavity when there is a problem?

A

though holes in diaphragm gives hypo plastic lung

35
Q

what is the pleural cavity?

A

the mesoderm which covers outside of lung develops into the visceral pleura. The somatic mesoderm covering the body wall becomes the parietal pleura.

36
Q

what happens during the separation of pleural and pericardial cavities?

A

The pleuropericardial folds roots migrate anteriorly. Apex of folds moves towards midline.

Embroylogy (12 decks)

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