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Introduction lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When is the embryonic period?

A

The first 8 weeks

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2
Q

What is the definition of conceptus?

A

the embryo in the uterus, especially during the early stages of pregnancy

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3
Q

When does the embryo form?

A

week 4 -> week 8

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4
Q

When does the foetus form?

A

week 9 -> Birth

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5
Q

Define Gametogenesis

A

Formation of the germ cells

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6
Q

what are the stages of embryogenesis?

A

1) Gametogenesis
2) Fertilisation
3) Cleavage
4) Gastrulation (3 germlayers)
5) Morphogenesis (change shape)
6) Organogenesis

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7
Q

Can you tell the sex in the embryonic period?

A

no

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8
Q

what is gametogenesis?

A

Germ cell formation

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9
Q

What is Fertilization?

A

Fusion of the sperm and the oocyte to form the Zygote

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10
Q

What is cleavage?

A

Period of rapid cell division (no size increase)

- formation of morula then blastocyst (day 1-4)

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11
Q

What is Gastrulation?

A

Formation of the germ layers (week 3)

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12
Q

What are the 3 germ layers formed during gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

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13
Q

What layer is the Ectoderm?

A

Outer

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14
Q

What layer is the mesoderm?

A

Middle

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15
Q

What layer is the Endoderm?

A

Inner

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16
Q

What is Organogenesis?

A

formation of organs and organ systems

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17
Q

What happens during the Foetal period?

A
  • Growth and weight gain
  • Tissues mature and become functional
  • Overt sexual differentiation
  • Bone laid down; connections made in CNS
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18
Q

When are foetus most at risk of congenital defects and why?

A

week 3 -> 8 because at this stage the embryo is less able to correct any defects

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19
Q

how does the zygote develop all the cells that make up the human body?

A
  • Relatively small number of processes

- Processes interact with each other producing more complex outcomes.

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20
Q

Name the 6 primary processes.

A
  • Cell Division
  • Differentiation
  • Cell Attachment
  • Apoptosis
  • Induction
  • Cell Migration
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21
Q

In primary processes what happens in cell division?

A

Increase number of cells and a linkage between cells forming tissue

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22
Q

In primary processes what happens in Differentiation?

A

Specialisation, change in appearance/ structure, adoption of new functions
e.g. Epiblast cells becoming neural cells

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23
Q

In primary processes what happens in Cell attachment?

A
  • physical/ functional linkages

- formation of tissues

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24
Q

In primary processes what happens in Apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death

25
In primary processes what happens in Induction?
Ability of one cell type to cause another to differentiate (directly or at a distance). Possible due to interactions of proteins
26
In primary processes what happens in Cell migration?
Movement of cells to another location e.g. gastrulation of layers of embryo
27
Name the 3 secondary processes.
- Axis formation/polarity - Folding/ Rotation - Increases/ Decreases in mass/ dimension
28
In secondary processes what happens in Axis formation/ polarity?
occurs in gastrulation. Polarity is needed for cells to form with the correct purpose.
29
In secondary processes what happens in Folding/ rotation?
Allows organs or structures to become more complex.
30
In secondary processes what happens in Increases in dimension?
- Hyperplasia ( Increase in no. of cells) | - Hypertrophy (increase in size of cells)
31
In secondary processes what happens in Decrease in dimension?
Compaction = segregates inner cells, which communicate extensively by gap junctions, from outer cells
32
Environmental control has what effect?
less effect on humans but huge impact in other species
33
what is genetic imprinting?
process by which maternal or paternal contribution to the embryo is preferentially switched on/off
34
what is epigenetics?
modification of gene expression ( caused by external factors) rather than alteration of genetic code itself.
35
what factors can effect epigenetic control?
- Methylation - Deletions of regions chromosomes - Environment - genetic imprinting
36
Describe the Angleman Syndrome
deletion of chromosome 15 from mother. mental retardation and poor motor development
37
Describe the Prader- Willi syndrome
Deletion on paternal chromosome 15 | Mental retardation; Obesity; Hypogonadism
38
A normal human somatic cell has how many chromosome?
46 chromosomes (diploid)
39
A normal human gamete cell has how many chromosomes?
23 chromosomes (haploid)
40
what Is aneuploid?
any chromosome number that is not n or 2n
41
what is trisomy?
extra chromosome present
42
what is monosomy?
chromosome missing
43
when would trisomy or monosomy occur?
during mitosis or meiosis
44
what is nondisjunction?
separation of homologous pairs of chromosomes does not occur (one cell receives 24 + one 22)
45
what is down sydrome?
trisomy 21= extra copy of chromosome 21. Resulting from meiotic nondisjunction most commonly during oocyte formation.
46
what is Klinefelter syndrome?
Found only in males. Causes sterility and gynecomastia 47 chromosomes. Non disjunction of XX homologues is caused giving sex chromosomal complement of XXY
47
what is the Turner syndrome?
only monosomy compatible with life. 45 chromosomes. Absence of ovaries, female in appearance and short stature.
48
what is the zone of pellucida?
hard shell limiting space
49
are zygotes single or double cells?
single cell embryo
50
formation of a morula is when?
16+ cells
51
when a blastocyst is formed what can be seen
first point you can look at an embryo and differentiate cell types
52
during embryonic folding what folds?
endoderm and ectoderm
53
how far into development can you tell the gender?
week 12
54
when does ossification of bones begin?
not till later
55
why is there not a high risk of birth defects between weeks 1 and 3?
Risk is low as embryo will either compensate or development will stop.
56
When is birth defects at the highest risk?
week 5
57
why is the foetal period not at high risk for birth defects?
As in the foetal period it is more likely to be functional related rather than structural
58
what is hypertrophy?
cells grow but don't increase
59
explain genetic control
- very early development - soon embryo specifies own development - specific genes turn on/off - rate of gene transcription increases/ decreased - gene expression tightly regulated in respect to time and space

Embroylogy (12 decks)

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