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Embroylogy > Early development > Flashcards

Early development Flashcards

1
Q

what is the primordial follicle?

A

Present at birth. At puberty under the influence of sex hormones a certain number of these mature.

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2
Q

What is present in the primordial follicle?

A

Primary oocyte

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3
Q

What is the primary follicle?

A

Oocyte enlarges and follicular cells divide to form layers. Thick glycoprotein layer the zona pellucida.

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4
Q

What is present in the primary follicle?

A

Zona pellucida and granulosa

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5
Q

What is the secondary follicle?

A

Follicular fluid gradually coalesces to form the Antrum. The oocyte moves to the periphery.

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6
Q

what is present in the secondary follicle?

A

Theca externa, Antrum, Theca interna

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7
Q

what happens when the preovulatory follicle ruptures and where does it rupture?

A

It ruptures and the entrance to the ovaries and releases the oocyte. When released it has not yet completed meiosis and will not do so until fertilised by a sperm cell.

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8
Q

acrosome contain what?

A

enzymes that can break through zona pellucida.

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9
Q

What does the mid piece of sperm contain?

A

packed full of mitochondria

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10
Q

Capaciatation occurs where?

A

In the female reproductive tract (oviduct secretions)

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11
Q

Can sperm that are stored in the epididymis fertilise an egg?

A

No

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12
Q

what is capacitation?

A

Final step in sperm maturation.

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13
Q

What does capacitation enable?

A

for the sperm to fertilise the egg. It also forces cells to make junctions with each other.

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14
Q

What is phase 1 of fertilisation?

A

Sperm attaches to zona pellucida and secretes acrosomal enz. (Penetration od the corona radiata)

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15
Q

What is phase 2 of fertilisation?

A

Sperm penetrates oocyte and triggers competition of 2nd meiotic division (Penetration of zona pellucida)

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16
Q

what is phase 3 of fertilisation?

A

Penetration causes release of cortical granules leading to zona hardening and ensuring only one sperm. (Secondary oocyte in 2nd meiotic division)
Rapid release of calcium cause fast hardening of oocyte membrane (Fusion oocyte and sperm membranes)

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17
Q

what is phase 4 of fertilisation?

A

Fertilised egg moves through uterine tube to uterus

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18
Q

the fertilised oocyte looses bona pellucicla around when?

A

day 4

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19
Q

what do oocytes contain?

A

two pronuclei-> small sack of cytoplasm genetic material. I paternal + 1 maternal.

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20
Q

What is the axis of cleavage?

A

The point where sperm fused with oocyte

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21
Q

Mitosis occurs to give what?

A

Mitosis occurs to give 4 then 8, 16 etc and with each division cells get smaller due to limited space.

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22
Q

what does capacitation result in?

A

A blastocyst

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23
Q

what does a blastocyst contain?

A

Trophoblast, Zona pellucida, Inner cell mass (Embyoblast), Blastocyst cavity

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24
Q

what is the trophoblast contained in a blastocyst?

A

Cohesive layer of cells that form supporting cells of embryo.

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25
Q

what is the inner cell mass contained in the blastocyst?

A

Forms tissues of embryo itself.

26
Q

what does hatching allow?

A

Allows blastocysts to implant in maternal tissue.

27
Q

If implantation occurs in the uterine tube what is there a high risk of?

A

high risk of rupture of blood vessels due to little elastic tissue allowing stretch as embryo grows.

28
Q

where is the normal implantation site?

A

dorsal wall of uterus

29
Q

what does abnormal implantation result in?

A

ectopic pregnancy

30
Q

what happens on day 7?

A

Blastocysts burrows into uterine wall and begins to differentiate.

31
Q

What happens in the cytotrophoblast?

A

undergoes rapid cell division

32
Q

What happens in the syncytiotrophoblast?

A

produce enzymes to burrow into uterine wall. Individual cell membranes break down to form large structure with multiple nuclei.

33
Q

what 2 structures are in an inner cell mass?

A
  • Epiblast cells

- hypoblast cells

34
Q

what are epiblast cells?

A

high columnar cells adjacent to amniotic cavity.

35
Q

what are hypoblast cells?

A

small cuboidal cells adjacent to blastocyst cavity.

36
Q

what happens on day 8?

A
  • embryo more than half way into wall of uterus.
  • increase in cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast
  • formation of a space b/w epiblast layer and cytotrophoblast which is the earliest sign of amniotic cavity
37
Q

what happens on day 9?

A
  • Blastocyst completely implanted.

- Cytotrophoblast completely surrounds embryo and syncytiotrophoblast surrounds that.

38
Q

Trophoblastic lacunae are filled with what?

A

maternal blood

39
Q

Hypoblast cells divide and migrate to line blastocyst cavity to form what?

A

Heusers membran. now yolk sac

40
Q

what happens during days 10-12?

A

extra-embryonic mesoderm produced-> connective tissue layer formed form extracellular matrix. By day 12 it surrounds the amniotic cavity and yolk sac.

41
Q

what happens during days 12-13?

A

The extra-embryonic mesoderm is broken down to form the chorionic cavity.
Hypoblast cells begin to divide and more away into area of primitive yolk sac and displace the original cells of Heusers membrane. The 1’ yolk sac buds off and 2’ sac formed called the definitive yolk sac.

42
Q

what happens during days 14-15?

A

chorionic cavity enlarges. extra embryonic mesoderm surrounds.

43
Q

what is the 1’ villus made up of?

A

made of bulge of cytotrophoblast

44
Q

what is the 2’ villus made up of?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Mesoderm moves into form villus core.

45
Q

what is the 3’ villus made up of?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast
Cytotrophoblast extends to endometrium
Mesoderm
Villous Capillaries

46
Q

stem villi guarantee what?

A

the mechanical stability of the villus tree.

47
Q

what happens at the end of week 3?

A

Tertiary villus formed with intervillous spaces. These spaces fill with blood emptied from spiral arteries.

48
Q

as villi develop what does this cause?

A

they become more branched, further decreasing barriersto exchange.

49
Q

Cotyledon arrangement gives what?

A

gives clear divisions in regions of placenta

50
Q

what is the acrosome?

A

bag of enzymes covering nucleus

51
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

tough protein coat

52
Q

what is the zona pellucida’ main concern?

A

to hold onto the cytoplasm

53
Q

how does the egg stop other sperm from getting in?

A

oocyte will release material from cytoplasm which undergoes bona hardening which then changes the structure of protein coat.

54
Q

what is compaction?

A

morula to blastocyst

55
Q

is the zona pellucida permeable or impermeable?

A

permeable

56
Q

where is the first point of differentation of cells?

A

blastocyst

57
Q

how does the blastocyst break out of the zona pellucida?

A

there is a generalisation break down of the bona pellucida, or zona pellucida breakdown in one place so blastocyst squeezes out.

58
Q

If the embryo implants in an abnormal place what can occur?

A

Haemorrhaging

59
Q

what is the decidua basalis?

A

portion underlying conceptus and forming the maternal component of the placenta

60
Q

what is the decidual plate?

A

compact layer of basalis

61
Q

what is the decidua

capsularis?

A

superficial portion overlying conceptus

62
Q

what is the decidua parietalis?

A

remaining uterine mucosa

Embroylogy (12 decks)

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