Gross Anatomy Introduction Flashcards
what is superficial?
nearer to surface
give an example of superficial
the muscles of the arm are superficial to its bone (humerus)
what is intermediate?
between a superficial and a deep structure
give an example of intermediate
The bicep muscle is intermediate between the skin and the humerus.
What is deep?
farther from surface
give an example of deep
the humerus is deep to the arm muscles/
what is superior (cranial)?
nearer to head
give an example of superior
the heart is superior to the stomach
what is medial?
Nearer to median plane
give an example of medial
The 5th digit (little finger) is on the medial side of the hand
what is lateral?
farther from median plane
give an example of lateral
The 1st digit (thumb) is on the lateral side of the hand
what is posterior?
nearer to back
give an example of posterior
the heel is posterior to the toes
what is interior (caudal)?
nearer to feet
give an example of interior (caudal)
the stomach is inferior to the heart
what is anterior (ventral)?
nearer to front
give an example of anterior (ventral)
to toes are anterior to the ankle
what is distal?
farther from trunk or point or origin (e.g. of a limb)
give an example of distal
the wrist is distal to the elbow, and the distal part of the upper limb is the hand
what is proximal?
nearer to trunk or point of origin (e.g. of a limb)
give an example of proximal
the elbow is proximal to the wrist, and the proximal part of an artery is its beginning.
what is flexion?
when the angle decreases at the joint
what is extension?
when the angle increases at the joint
what is adduction?
moving towards midline
what is abduction?
moving away from midline
what is circumduction?
moving around a 360’ angle
what is rotation?
rotation around a central axis
what is medial rotation?
rotational movement around midline
what is lateral rotation?
rotational movement away from midline
what is pronation?
specifies to upper limb- when palms are facing backwards
what is supination?
when palms are facing forwards e.g holding a bowl of soup
what is dorsiflexion?
only at ankle- top of foot is brought up towards chin
what is plantar flexion?
standing on tip toes
what is inversion?
sole of foot pointing in way
what is eversion?
sole of foot pointing out way
what is protraction?
jaw going out
what is retraction?
jaw going in
what is elevation?
lifting shoulders towards ears
what is depression?
dropping shoulders
what is opposition?
opposing the thumb
