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Aemca Prep :) > Respiratory System - Anatomy/Patho > Flashcards

Respiratory System - Anatomy/Patho Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main structures of the upper respiratory tract (7)

A 
Nasal cavity 
Nasopharynx 
Oropharynx 
Larygopharynx 
Epiglottis 
Thyroid cartilage 
Cricoid ring
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2
Q

Major structures of the lower respiratory system (5)

A 
Trachea
Carina 
Right main-stem bronchi 
Left main-stem bronchi 
Secondary bronchi
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3
Q

Main responsibility of the respiratory system

A

Oxygenating blood and removing carbon dioxide waste

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4
Q

How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged at the alveoli

A

Process of diffusion across a diffusion gradient

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5
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffusion is a passive process that consists of the transport from one area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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6
Q

What happens when thoracic volume increases

A

Diaphragm expands which causes a decrease in intrathoracic pressure allowing air to be inhaled into the lungs. (Boyles law)

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7
Q

Major muscles of the respiratory system (3)

A

Accessory muscles
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Transversus thoracic

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8
Q

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

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9
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate

A

Originates at C3-C5

C 3,4,5 keeps us alive

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10
Q

What is Aerobic Metabolism

A

The process by which glucose is converted to energy (ATP) requiring oxygen and water

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11
Q

What is Hypercapnea

A

An excess retention of carbon dioxide in the blood

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12
Q

What is Tidal volume

What is the total Tidal Volume for an adult

A

Amount of air entering lungs with each normal breath

Volume - 500mL

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13
Q

What is Residual Volume and what is the total volume in an adult?

A

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
Volume - 1200mL

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14
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve and what is the volume (mL)

A

Maximal amount of air that can inhaled in excess of normal quite respirations

3000mL

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15
Q

What is expiratory reserve and what is the volume (mL)

A

The maximal amount of air expired following a passive expiration.

1100mL

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16
Q

What is Vital Capacity and what is the volume in an adult

A

Maximal amount of air expired following a maximal inspiration

volume- 4600mL

17
Q

what is total lung capacity and what is the volume in an adult

A

Total volume of air in the lungs after maximal inspiration

Volume- 5800mL

18
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

  1. What causes an increased affinity
    and
  2. Which way does the curve shift with increased affinity
A
  1. Increase in pH, Decrease Pco2, Decreased temperature

2. Left

19
Q

Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

  1. What causes decreased affinity
  2. Which way does the curve shift with decreased affinity?
A
  1. Decrease in pH (acidosis), High Pco2, increased temperature
  2. Right
20
Q
  1. What is Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

2. What patients does this affect the most

A
  1. A sudden acute type of dyspnea caused during sleep. During sleep, the body fluid is redistributed, leading to pulmonary edema causing the pt to wake up gasping for air.
  2. Patients with left sided CHF.
21
Q

Primary control centers for breathing

A

Medulla and Pons

22
Q

In relation to ventilation, what changes do the chemoreceptors detect?

A

Changes in CO2 level, Hydrogen ion and oxygen levels in the blood of CSF

23
Q

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

24
Q

Where are the peripheral chemoreceptors located

A

Carotid bodies

25
Q
  1. What is hypercapnia and

2. what does it do to respirations

A
  1. Increase of CO2 levels in the blood
  2. Lowers pH and stimulates the respiratory center this causes an increase in rate and depth of respirations (hyperventilation)
26
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

The total pressure exerted by the mixture of inert (non-reactive) gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases in a volume of air

27
Q

Henry’s Law

A

the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

28
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Boyle’s Law states that pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other. As the pressure increases the volume decreases, and as the pressure decreases the volume increases

29
Q

What is Atelectasis

A

Atelectasis, the collapse of part or all of a lung, is caused by a blockage of the air passages (bronchus or bronchioles) or by pressure on the lung.

30
Q

ETCO2 Phases 1-4

A
  1. Inspiratory baseline
  2. Expiratory upstorke marking the beginning of exhalation
  3. Plateau phase represents ventilation. at the end of this phase, ETCO2 is determined
  4. Expiratory downstroke, marks end of exhalation
31
Q

What is the Hering-breuer reflex?

A

Protective mechanism that terminates inhalation, preventing overexpansion of the lungs

Aemca Prep :) (10 decks)

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