Cardiovascular System - Anatomy/Patho

Question 1

Where is the heart located

Answer 1

Mediastinum

Question 2

Movement of blood through the heart

Answer 2

1. Deoxygenated blood first enters the right atrium via the vena cava
2. The blood then flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.
3. When the heart contracts, the ventricle pushes blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery.
4. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated
5. The oxygenated blood then leaves the lungs to return to the heart through the pulmonary vein.
6. The oxygenated blood now enters the left atrium and goes through the mitral valve to get into the left ventricle
7. The left ventricle then pumps blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta.

Question 3

1. What is the order of the hearts conduction system

2. What are the bpm for each

Answer 3

SA node (60-100bpm)
AV node (40-60bpm) 
Bundle of HIs (25-40bpm) 
Purkinje Fibers (25-40bpm)

Question 4

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 4

1. Atria Fill and all valves are closed - DIASTOLE
2. Increased atrial pressure opens AV valves and the ventricles fill - DIASTOLE
3. Atria contract and completely empty, filling the ventricles - SYSTOLE
4. Ventricles begin to contract, this pressure closes the AV valves and the atria relax - SYSTOLE
5. The increased pressure of the contracting ventricles cause the aortic and plumonary valves to open and blood is ejected inot the aorta and pulmonary artery - SYSTOLE
6. Ventricles empty and relax. The aortic and pulmonary valves close. - DIASTOLE

Question 5

What do the P waves of an ECG indicate

Answer 5

Depolarization of the atria

Question 6

What does the QRS complex indicate on the ECG?

Answer 6

Depolarization of the ventricles

Question 7

What does the T wave of the ECG indicate

Answer 7

Repolarization of the ventricles

Question 8

Where is the cardiac control center located and what does it do

Answer 8

Medulla oblongata

Controls teh rate and force of contraction

Question 9

What is the purpose of baroreceptors and where are they located

Answer 9

Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure

Located in the aorta and internal carotid arteries

Question 10

What does sympathetic stimulation do to the heart

Answer 10

Increases HR

Question 11

1. What does parasympathetic stimulation do to the heart and
2. what cranial nerve in involved

Answer 11

Decreases the HR

Cranial Nerve X - Vagus Nerve

Question 12

Definition of Inotropic

Answer 12

Affects the force of cardiac contraction

Question 13

Define Chronotropic

Answer 13

Affects the heart rate

Question 14

Define dromotropic

Answer 14

Affects conduction velocity through the conducting tissues of the heart

Question 15

What causes a positive inotropic, chronotropic, and dromotropic effect?

Answer 15

Stimulation of the Beta1 adrenergic receptors in the heart.

Question 16

What is diastole

Answer 16

Relaxation of the myocardium required for filling chambers

Question 17

What is systole

Answer 17

Contraction of the myocardium which provides an increase in pressure to eject blood.

Question 18

What is cardiac output

what is the CO formula

Answer 18

Blood ejected by a ventricle in 1 min

CO= SV x HR

Question 19

Define Stroke Volume

Answer 19

The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle (contraction)

Question 20

Define Preload

Answer 20

Amount of blood delivered to the heart by venous return

Question 21

Define afterload

Answer 21

Force required to eject blood from ventricles. This is determined by peripheral resistance in the arteries

Question 22

Hormones that affect blood pressure (3)

Answer 22

Anti-diuretic hormone
Aldosterone ( increases blood volume)
Renin angiotensin aldosterone (vasoconstriction)