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Aemca Prep :) > Cardiovascular System - Conditions > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System - Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

What is Atherosclerosis

A

The hardening of the arteries caused by plaque (lipids/calcium/clots) build-up

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2
Q

How does Angina Pectoris occur

A

Occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs

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3
Q

What is varient angina

A

Vasospam occurs at rest

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4
Q

What is unstable angina

A

Prolonged chest pain that does not dissipate at rest. This may precede myocardial infarction.

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5
Q

What is exertional angina

A

The most common form of angina occurs when the demand of oxygen increases suddenly - with exertion (physical or emotional stress can trigger this)

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6
Q

Myocardial Infarction occurs when …

A

Occurs when a coronary artery is totally obstructed.

Atherosclerosis is the most common cause

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7
Q

Sinus Node abnormalities

A

Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Sick sinus syndrome

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8
Q

What is sick sinus syndrome

A

a heart condition marked by alternating bradycardia and tachycardia

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9
Q

Bradycardia

  1. what is the conduction change
  2. what is the effect on the heart
A
  1. regular rate, slower than 60 bpm
  2. Stroke volume increases and cardiac output may be reduced
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10
Q

Atrial Flutter

  1. conduction changes
  2. effects of the heart
A
  1. Rate - 160-350 bpm
  2. Less filling time and reduces cardiac output
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11
Q

1st Degree Heart Block

  1. conduction changes
  2. effect
A
  1. Delays conduction in AV node and prolongs the PR interval
  2. no effect
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12
Q

2nd Heart Block type 1

  1. conduction changes
  2. effect on the heart
A
  1. Delay in conduction at the AV node, gradually increasing PR until one contraction is missed
  2. causes a periodic decrease in cardiac output
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13
Q

3rd Degree Heart block

  1. conduction changes
  2. effect on the heart
A
  1. No conduction in the AV node, the ventricles slowly contract independent of atrial contractions
  2. Marked decrease in cardiac output causing syncope
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14
Q

What is Congestive Heart Failure

A

CHF occurs when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body.

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15
Q

What happens to the body when cardiac output or stroke volume decreases (4)

A
  1. Less blood reaches organs
  2. Decreased cell function
  3. Fatigue and lethargy
  4. Mild acidosis develops
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16
Q

Left-Sided CHF

  1. How does it occur
  2. Effects on the body (3)
A
  1. Occurs when the left ventricle cannot pump all the blood into the systemic circulation which means that the blood returning from the lungs cannot enter the left side of the heart.
  2. This causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation, increased capillary pressure, and possibly pulmonary edema.
17
Q

Right-Sided CHF

  1. How does it occur
  2. Effects on the body
A
  1. Occurs when the right ventricle cannot maintain its output so less blood proceeds to the left side of the heart and systemic circulation
  2. Causes increased blood volume and congestion in the legs and feet and eventually also in the portal circulation (liver and digestive tract) and neck veins
18
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot What are the 4 defects that cause this and what is the patho of each defect

A
  1. Pulmonary valve stenosis a. A narrowing of the pulmonary valve causing reduced blood flow
  2. Ventricular Septal Defect a. Opening in the interventricular septum
  3. dextroposition of the aorta a. the main pulmonary artery and the aorta are switched in position
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy a. an abnormal enlargement or an increase in muscle mass of the right ventricle
19
Q

What is Endocarditis

A

Endocarditis is a life-threatening inflammation of the inner lining of your heart’s chambers and valves (endocardium).

20
Q

What is Pericarditis

A

Pericarditis is the inflammation of the pericardium.

21
Q
  1. What is hypovolemic shock
  2. What are some causes?
A
  1. Loss of blood or plasma
  2. Hemorrhage, burns, dehydration, pancreaitis, peritonitis
22
Q
  1. What is Cardiogenic shock
  2. What are some causes?
A
  1. Decreased pumping capability of the heart
  2. Myocaridial infarction of left ventricle, cardiac arrhythmia, PE, cardiac tamponade
23
Q
  1. What is Vasogenic shock (neurogenic or distributive)
  2. What are some causes?
A
  1. Vasodilation owing to loss of sympathetic and vasomotor tone
  2. Pain and fear, spinal cord injury, hypoglycemia
24
Q
  1. What is Anaphylactic shock?
A

Systemic vasodilation and increased permeability owing to a severe allergic reaction

25
Q

What is septic shock

A

Vasodilation owing to severe infection

26
Q
  1. What are the early manifestations of shock?
A
  1. Anxiety and restlessness
27
Q

What are the compensation manisfestions of shock

A
  • tachycardia
  • cool, pale, moist skin
  • oliguria
  • thirst
  • rapid respirations
28
Q

What are teh progressive manisfestations of shock

A
  • Lethargy
  • weakness
  • fatigue
  • metabolic acidosis

Aemca Prep :) (10 decks)

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