Respiratory System (Anatomy and Physiology)

Question 1

understand what the functions of the Respiratory Systems are:

Answer 1

-ventilation: breathing, movement of air into/out of lungs
-external respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the lungs
-gas transport: oxygen and carbon dioxide travel in the blood to and from cells
-internal respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues

Question 2

what structures (in order) make up the respiratory system?

Answer 2

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs

Question 3

what makes up the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 3

external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

Question 4

what makes 3 things make up the nasal cavity?

Answer 4

superior, middle and inferior turbinates

Question 5

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx and where are they located?

Answer 5

-nasopharynx: posterior to nasal cavity
-oropharynx: posterior oral cavity
-laryngopharynx: above the larynx

Question 6

what makes up the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 6

larynx, tranchea bronchi and lungs

Question 7

what are the cartilages within the larynx?

Answer 7

thyroid cartilage: think adams apple
cricoid cartilage: where the vocal cords attach

Question 8

what is the epiglottis and its function?

Answer 8

cartilage flap that prevents swallowed material from backflow (coming back up)

Question 9

what is laryngitis?

Answer 9

inflammation of the vocal cords caused by overuse, dry air or infection

Question 10

force of air determines ________,
tension of the chords determines _________

Answer 10

loudness, pitch

Question 11

TRUE or FALSE: when air moves past vocal cords, they vibrate and sound is produced?

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

what type of epithelium is the trachea lined with?

Answer 12

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 13

TRUE or FALSE: smoking kills cillia

Answer 13

TRUE: so dont smoke lol

Question 14

what is the primary bronchi lined with?

Answer 14

cilia

Question 15

understand the basic pathway of lungs:

Answer 15

bronchi to bronchioles to alveoli

Question 16

what is an asthma attack?

Answer 16

contraction of smooth muscle in terminal bronchioles leads to reduced air flow into the alveoli

Question 17

why is the left lobe of the lung smaller than the right?

Answer 17

the heart sits in front of it!

Question 18

what is the respiratory membrane?

Answer 18

where gas exchange between air and blood occurs

Question 19

what cells can be found in the layers of the respiratory membrane?

Answer 19

endothelial cells and alveolar cells

Question 20

what happens if the respiratory membrane gets smaller?

Answer 20

it makes it hard to diffuse gasses due to swelling and fluid buildup along the alveoli

Question 21

QUESTION FOR MASTERS: what happens if the surface area of the respiratory membrane becomes smaller?

Answer 21

the lung capacity would decrease

Question 22

what is the pleura?

Answer 22

double-layered membrane around lungs

Question 23

what are the phases of ventilation?

Answer 23

inspiration: think breathe in
expiration: think breathing out

Question 24

what is the function of the pleura?

Answer 24

maintain negative pressure to suction the lungs to the body wall

Question 25

when the diaphragm contracts, air pressure in the alveoli does what?

Answer 25

decreases
(think about inverse relationship between air pressure and volume…when one is increased, the other is decreased)

Question 26

understand the pulmonary volumes:

Answer 26

-tidal volume (TV): normal inhale
-inspiratory reserve volume (IRV): think deep inhale
-expiratory reserve volume (ERV): think sighhhhhh
-residual volume (RV): think when the wind is knocked out of you

Question 27

what is the diaphragm innervated by?

Answer 27

the Phrenic Nerve

Question 28

what is surfactant?

Answer 28

-liquid that surrounds the alveoli
-reduces surface tension
-keeps the alveoli from sticking together and collapsing

Question 29

what are the 3 factors that influence the rates of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane?

Answer 29

-partial pressure gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide
-thickness of respiratory membrane
-surface area of respiratory membrane

Question 30

in the tissue capillary beds, where would partial pressure of oxygen be greater?

Answer 30

the blood stream

Question 31

in the tissue capillary beds, where would partial pressure of carbon dioxide be greater?

Answer 31

in the tissues

Question 32

in the lungs, where is the partial pressure of oxygen higher?

Answer 32

in the alveoli

Question 33

in the lungs, where is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide higher?

Answer 33

in the bloodstream

Question 34

what can cause an increase in respiration rate?

Answer 34

decreases PO2 in the blood