respiratory system

Question 1

respiratory system main functions:

Answer 1

1- delivers oxygen, expel co2
2- filters incoming air
3- maintains blood pH
4- helps control fluid and thermal homeostasis
5- produce sound

Question 2

the respiratory system has two anatomical divisions:

Answer 2

1- upper respiratory tract(filtration): (nose, pharynx, larynx)
2- lower respiratory tract(breathing) : trachea bronchial tree , lungs

Question 3

………. warms ,moistens ,filters the air as it enters the body

Answer 3

larynx

Question 4

……… allows oxygen to enter the blood and waste to leave it

Answer 4

lungs

Question 5

1- …….. in the nostrils help filter larger particles
2-…….. of the nasal passages filters incoming air by trapping small particles.
3-…….. moves mucus containing debris away from the lungs.

Answer 5

1- coarse hairs
2- mucus
3- cilia

Question 6

the epithelium in the upper respiratory tract is …….

Answer 6

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Question 7

• composed entirely of cartilage
• voice box
• has 3 double cartilages (corniculate cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, tracheal cartilage.)
• has 3 single cartilages (epiglottis, thyroid cartilage”Adams apple”, cricoid cartilage)

Answer 7

Larynx

Question 8

• a leaflike flap of cartilage on the superior part of the larynx
• covers the opening to the lower respiratory tract
• prevents food from entering the lungs

Answer 8

epiglottis

Question 9

• lies deep within the lungs (where gas exchange happens)

- includes only the bronchioles and alveoli

Answer 9

respiratory zone

Question 10

• connects the larynx to the bronchi
• “C” rings shaped of hyaline cartilage so to offer support during breathing while allowing the esophagus to expand during swallowing.

Answer 10

trachea

Question 11

the lower portion of the conducting zone and the respiratory zone are collectively referred to as…

Answer 11

The bronchial tree

Question 12

the trachea splits into two tubes called the ……. at the level of the 5th thoracic vertebra each leading to one lung

Answer 12

primary bronchi

Question 13

lungs extend from just above the …… to the ….. thoracic vertebra and fill the ribcage

Answer 13

clavicle , 12th

Question 14

1- the ……. of the lungs is the broad portion sitting on the diaphragm
2- the ……. of the lungs is the small point extending above the clavicles.

Answer 14

1- base

2- apex

Question 15

each lung has a different number of ……..

Answer 15

secondary bronchi

Question 16

each lung has 10 …….. bronchioles

Answer 16

terminal

Question 17

• gas diffuses in the …….
• have a cup-shaped membrane
• clustered into an alveolar sac

Answer 17

alveoli

Question 18

• produce a surfactant (fluid that moistens the alveoli but prevents the walls from sticking together)
• solubilizing oxygen to promote uptake

Answer 18

Septal cells

Question 19

at the end of the respiratory tree
- consists of :
alveolar cells
epithelial  basement membrane 
capillary basement membrane 
endothelium of the capillary

Answer 19

respiratory membrane(gas diffusion)

Question 20

oxygen diffuses from the ……. to the …….. in the capillary.

Answer 20

alveoli , blood

Question 21

1- the …….. capillaries exchange gases in the lungs

2- the …….. capillaries exchange gases in the body

Answer 21

1-pulmonary

2- systemic

Question 22

• governed by Boyle’s law

- states that the volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure

Answer 22

pulmonary ventilation

Question 23

• the diaphragm contracts, chest expands, lungs pulls outward, intercostal muscles contract
• decreased pressure to allow air to rush in
• volume increase

Answer 23

Inhalation

Question 24

• diaphragm and intercostal muscle relax
• increase pressure forcing air out
• volume decrease

Answer 24

Exhalation

Question 25

• ………. respiration is the exchange of gases between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the respiratory capillaries
• oxygen enters the alveoli, and co2 leaves the alveoli

Answer 25

external

Question 26

the exchanges during external and internal respiration are driven by the ……… …….. of oxygen and co2

Answer 26

partial pressure

Question 27

1- in …… respiration, driving force is the difference in the partial pressure in the alveolar air and capillary blood

2- in ……. respiration, driving force is the partial pressure difference In the capillary blood and tissue fluid

Answer 27

1- External

2- Internal

Question 28

oxygen will diffuse from the air in the ……. into the blood

Answer 28

alveoli

Question 29

• ……….. respiration is the exchange of gases between body cells and blood in the systemic capillaries
• oxygen enters the tissue , co2 diffuses out (based on partial pressure)

Answer 29

internal

Question 30

partial pressure of oxygen in the capillary beds of systemic circuit is….mmHg and in most tissues….mmHg

Answer 30

95 , 40

Question 31

……… molecules in RBC carry oxygen as the blood circulates

Answer 31

hemoglobin

Question 32

carbon dioxide binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin forming ………

Answer 32

(Hb-CO2) carbaminohemoglobin

Question 33

the ………. ion in the plasma serves as a buffer helping maintain blood pH

Answer 33

bicarbonate