Endocrine system

Question 1

the cells that hormones act upon are called….

Answer 1

target cells

Question 2

difference between NS and endocrine system in communication, response, duration, function?

Answer 2

NS - wired communication ,rapid response, short duration, muscle movement and temp
endocrine- wireless, slow response, long duration, metabolism and growth.

Question 3

…….. act to increase or decrease the production of specific proteins (in steroid hormones)

Answer 3

the receptor-hormone complexes

Question 4

1- Androgens and estrogens
2- mineralocorticoids
3- glucocorticoids
4- calcitriol

Answer 4

steroid hormones

Question 5

cyclic AMP works as a ……….. that carries information from the first hormone to the interior of the call (non steroid)

Answer 5

second messenger

Question 6

……..hormones affect target cells quickly, short lasting effect.

Answer 6

non-steroid

Question 7

the endocrine is directly tied to the NS through ……….

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

• is composed of neuroendocrine neurons
  -produce :
  1- oxytocin : childbirth and lactation hormone
  2-antidiuretic hormone ADH (affect nephron in the kidney) and (reabsorb water and increase blood pressure)

Answer 8

The posterior pituitary

Question 9

• composed of glandular tissue

- produces hormones that stimulate growth, metabolic rate, milk production, and glucocorticoid production.

Answer 9

the anterior pituitary

Question 10

………… hormones that cause (stimulate) target cells to secrete other hormones

Answer 10

messenger hormones

Question 11

(anterior pituitary) a hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Answer 11

ACTH

Question 12

(2anterior pituitary hormone)

• both are gonadotropins
• stimulate growth of ovaries and testes (estrogen and testosterone )

Answer 12

follicule-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing (LH)

Question 13

(pituitary glands)

• directly stimulates target cells
• …..1….. stimulates milk production in females
• …..2….. stimulates growth of muscles, cartilage,and bone, causes many cells to speed up protein synthesis, cell division and the burning of fats for energy.

Answer 13

1- Prolactin (PRL)

2- Human growth hormone (hGH)

Question 14

located on top of the kidney

Answer 14

adrenal gland

Question 15

the ….. …… secretes :
1- glucocorticoids
2- mineralocorticoids
3- small amount of estrogen and testosterone

Answer 15

adrenal cortex

Question 16

the ……. …….. secretes:

- epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 16

adrenal medulla

Question 17

(adrenal gland)

similar to cortisol in that it promotes the use of fats and proteins as energy source.

Answer 17

Cortisol

Question 18

(adrenal glands) hormone that monitor and maintain ion balance

Answer 18

mineralocorticoid

Question 19

(adrenal glands) hormone that regulates sodium and potassium which affects water balance

Answer 19

aldosterone

Question 20

( adrenal glands) 2 hormones that help maintain secondary Male and female sex characteristics.

Answer 20

estrogen and testosteron

Question 21

(adrenal glands)

• 2 non steroid hormones
• flight or fight

Answer 21

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 22

• is responsible for the cellular conversion of glucose to ATP
• located in the thyroid gland

Answer 22

Thyroxin (T4)

Question 23

………….. occurs when the thyroid over-secretes the thyroid hormones.

Answer 23

Hyperthyroidism

Question 24

fluid build up behind eyes, makes them pop from sockets, making the whites of the eyes visible

Answer 24

Exophthalmos

Question 25

• occurs more often in females

- increases production of TSH causes thyroid to enlarge a condition called “the goiter”

Answer 25

graves diseases

Question 26

(thyroid gland)
-stimulates calcium uptake by osteoblast
depositing it into the bones
--causes increased bone mass
- inhibits osteoclasts
preventing bone from getting destroyed

Answer 26

Calcitonin

Question 27

the parathyroid glands secrete …………………
-removes calcium and phosphate from bones, stimulates uptake of calcium from the digestive tract, and prevents loss of calcium in the kidneys ( where calcium is exchanged for phosphate.)

Answer 27

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 28

• located in the anterior mediastinum
• infancy and childhood
• secretes hormones For lymphatic cell maturation
  (thymosin) AND (thymopoietin)

Answer 28

Thymus gland

Question 29

-in the brain
- like thymus, it’s more active in infancy and childhood
– secretes Melatonin
(sleep patterns)

Answer 29

Pineal Gland

Question 30

in pancreas

• carried out by the acini
• secrete digestive enzymes through ducts

Answer 30

Exocrine glands

Question 31

in pancreas

• carried out by islets of Langerhans
• secrete several hormones involved in maintaining blood glucose levels

Answer 31

endocrine glands

Question 32

isles of langerhans contain three secreting cells:
1- Alpha cells - secrete ……… to raise blood glucose
2-Beta cells - secrete ……… to lower blood glucose
3-Delta cells- secrete …….. to inhibit if hormones over-produce

Answer 32

1- glucagon
2-insulin
3-somatostatin

Question 33

long chains of bonded glucose molecules

Answer 33

glycogen

Question 34

hormones secreted by the kidney:
1-…….. stimulates the production of RBC
2-……. involved in calcium ion homeostasis
3-……. secreted when the kidney renal blood is low (to raise blood volume)

Answer 34

1- Erythropoietin
2- calcitriol
3- renin

Question 35

hormones secreted by the intestine :
1- ……… stimulates stomach secretions
2- ……. causes release of bile
3- ……. causes pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes into duodenum

Answer 35

1- gastrin
2- cholecystokinin
3- secretin

Question 36

hormones secreted by the heart:

-………. decreases blood volume by causing water loss, opposite function of renin

Answer 36

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)