Digestive system

Question 1

innermost layer composed of a mucous membrane to allow absorption, secretion

Answer 1

mucosa

Question 2

• under the mucosa

includes glands, nerves, blood supply for the GI tract itself

Answer 2

Submucosa

Question 3

1- incisors are ….
2- canines are ….
3- molars and premolars are ….

Answer 3

1- cutting tools
2- piercing and ripping tools
3- grinding instruments

Question 4

on the tongue’s surface, ……… epithelium covers each papilla

Answer 4

keratinized

Question 5

………… glands release lingual lipase(lipid digestive enzyme) into the tongue

Answer 5

sublingual

Question 6

-located within the oral cavity

secrete small amount of saliva to moisten the oral mucosa

Answer 6

salivary glands

Question 7

the 2 major salivary glands:
1- ………. glands - located below and infant of the ear
-produce watery saliva

2-………. glands - under the tongue
- thicker ropey saliva with larger concentration of mucos

Answer 7

1- parotid

2- submandibular

Question 8

saliva :
1- contains an enzyme complex that destroys bacteria in the oral cavity called ………
2- contains a digestive enzyme that breaks carbohydrate polysaccharides into monosaccharides called ……….

Answer 8

1- lysozyme

2- amylase

Question 9

swallowing 3 stages (what happens)
1- voluntary stage…..
2- pharyngeal stage….
3- esophageal stage…

Answer 9

1- food is consciously swallowed
2- bolus involuntarily passes the pharynx (epiglottis closes the larynx to bypass the respiratory system)
3- food moves through the esophagus into the stomach via peristalsis

Question 10

• J shaped organ that lies beneath the esophagus

- has three layers of muscles: circular, longitudinal, oblique

Answer 10

the stomach

Question 11

1- …………… sphincter is the upper boundary of the stomach
2- ………….. sphincter marks the lower end of the stomach

Answer 11

1- lower esophageal sphincter

2- pyloric sphincter

Question 12

• the strongest sphincter muscle of the digestive tract

- opens to allow chyme to enter the small intestine only when chemically ready

Answer 12

the pyloric sphincter

Question 13

the walls of the stomach contain folds (rugae) to permit ………

Answer 13

expansion

Question 14

1- the pH of the stomach is ….

Answer 14

2

Question 15

1-chief cells: secrete…

2-parietal cells: secrete…

Answer 15

1- pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin), gastric lipase

2- HCL (activate pepsin) and intrinsic factor (vitamin B12: helps produce RBC).

Question 16

chyme containing glucose and fatty acids causes the release of hormones:
1-……… Inhibits stomach emptying
2-…….. decreases gastric juices.

Answer 16

1- CCK (cholecystokinin)

2- secretin

Question 17

mucosa in the small intestine is ….. and cells are lined with….

Answer 17

folded, microvilli

Question 18

• nodules of lymphatic vessel

- protect the lumen of the digestive tract from bacterial invasion.

Answer 18

Peyer’s patches

Question 19

protein digestion continues in the small intestine using 
1-
2-
3-
4- 
all secreted from the  pancreas

Answer 19

1- trypsin
2- chymotrypsin
3- carboxypeptidase
4- elastase

Question 20

protein digestion is completed on the exposed edges of the intestinal cells using ……….. and ………

Answer 20

aminopeptidase and dipeptidase

Question 21

the pancreas functions as ……….. glands by secreting enzymes via the pancreatic duct.

Answer 21

exocrine

Question 22

pancreas functions as ………. glands secreting insulin and glucagon into bloodstream

Answer 22

endocrine

Question 23

……….. buffers the acidity of the chyme as it leaves the stomach, mixes with it immediately after the chyme enters the duodenum

Answer 23

pancreatic juice

Question 24

• largest organ of the body

- lobules monitor blood collected from small intestine to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 24

The Liver

Question 25

the ……… system gives the hepatocyte access to blood coming from small intestine

Answer 25

portal system

Question 26

portal system :
1- removing…… and storing excess ….
2- cholesterol, plasma proteins, blood lipids ,are manufactured in ………
3- monitors ……… level in the blood (0.1%)

Answer 26

1- toxins, nutrients
2- hepatocytes
3- glucose

Question 27

• formed in the liver , stored in the gallbladder
• a by-product of the breakdown of hemoglobin and cholesterol.
• aids in fat digestion

Answer 27

Bile

Question 28

emulsification is another form ……..

Answer 28

mechanical digestion

Question 29

• reabsorb water

- four divisions: ascending colon, transverse, decending, sigmoid colon.

Answer 29

the large intestine “colon”