Digestive system Flashcards
innermost layer composed of a mucous membrane to allow absorption, secretion
mucosa
- under the mucosa
includes glands, nerves, blood supply for the GI tract itself
Submucosa
1- incisors are ….
2- canines are ….
3- molars and premolars are ….
1- cutting tools
2- piercing and ripping tools
3- grinding instruments
on the tongue’s surface, ……… epithelium covers each papilla
keratinized
………… glands release lingual lipase(lipid digestive enzyme) into the tongue
sublingual
-located within the oral cavity
secrete small amount of saliva to moisten the oral mucosa
salivary glands
the 2 major salivary glands:
1- ………. glands - located below and infant of the ear
-produce watery saliva
2-………. glands - under the tongue
- thicker ropey saliva with larger concentration of mucos
1- parotid
2- submandibular
saliva :
1- contains an enzyme complex that destroys bacteria in the oral cavity called ………
2- contains a digestive enzyme that breaks carbohydrate polysaccharides into monosaccharides called ……….
1- lysozyme
2- amylase
swallowing 3 stages (what happens)
1- voluntary stage…..
2- pharyngeal stage….
3- esophageal stage…
1- food is consciously swallowed
2- bolus involuntarily passes the pharynx (epiglottis closes the larynx to bypass the respiratory system)
3- food moves through the esophagus into the stomach via peristalsis
- J shaped organ that lies beneath the esophagus
- has three layers of muscles: circular, longitudinal, oblique
the stomach
1- …………… sphincter is the upper boundary of the stomach
2- ………….. sphincter marks the lower end of the stomach
1- lower esophageal sphincter
2- pyloric sphincter
- the strongest sphincter muscle of the digestive tract
- opens to allow chyme to enter the small intestine only when chemically ready
the pyloric sphincter
the walls of the stomach contain folds (rugae) to permit ………
expansion
1- the pH of the stomach is ….
2
1-chief cells: secrete…
2-parietal cells: secrete…
1- pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin), gastric lipase
2- HCL (activate pepsin) and intrinsic factor (vitamin B12: helps produce RBC).
chyme containing glucose and fatty acids causes the release of hormones:
1-……… Inhibits stomach emptying
2-…….. decreases gastric juices.
1- CCK (cholecystokinin)
2- secretin
mucosa in the small intestine is ….. and cells are lined with….
folded, microvilli
- nodules of lymphatic vessel
- protect the lumen of the digestive tract from bacterial invasion.
Peyer’s patches
protein digestion continues in the small intestine using 1- 2- 3- 4- all secreted from the pancreas
1- trypsin
2- chymotrypsin
3- carboxypeptidase
4- elastase
protein digestion is completed on the exposed edges of the intestinal cells using ……….. and ………
aminopeptidase and dipeptidase
the pancreas functions as ……….. glands by secreting enzymes via the pancreatic duct.
exocrine
pancreas functions as ………. glands secreting insulin and glucagon into bloodstream
endocrine
……….. buffers the acidity of the chyme as it leaves the stomach, mixes with it immediately after the chyme enters the duodenum
pancreatic juice
- largest organ of the body
- lobules monitor blood collected from small intestine to maintain homeostasis.
The Liver
the ……… system gives the hepatocyte access to blood coming from small intestine
portal system
portal system :
1- removing…… and storing excess ….
2- cholesterol, plasma proteins, blood lipids ,are manufactured in ………
3- monitors ……… level in the blood (0.1%)
1- toxins, nutrients
2- hepatocytes
3- glucose
- formed in the liver , stored in the gallbladder
- a by-product of the breakdown of hemoglobin and cholesterol.
- aids in fat digestion
Bile
emulsification is another form ……..
mechanical digestion
- reabsorb water
- four divisions: ascending colon, transverse, decending, sigmoid colon.
the large intestine “colon”
