immunity and the lymphatic system

Question 1

…..are disease causing agents such as fungus , bacteria, virus.

Answer 1

Pathogens

Question 2

• inborn
• mounts the same defenses regardless of pathogen type
• no memory

Answer 2

nonspecific (innate) immunity

Question 3

• part is inborn and part develops over course of life
• mounts a specific attack against a specific pathogen
• develops memory

Answer 3

specific (acquired) immunity

Question 4

• skin, mucous membrane , mucus, hairs, tears, saliva, urine, defecation, and vomiting
• sebum, lysozyme, gastric juices, vaginal secretions.

Answer 4

physical and chemical surface Barriers of first line defense (innate immunity)

Question 5

antimicrobial proteins, interferons, and the complement system
- fever, inflammation, phagocytes

Answer 5

inter cellular and chemical defenses of second Line defense (innate immunity)

Question 6

interactions of white blood cells antibodies, and microphages
-helps protect against cancer

Answer 6

immune responses of Third line defense (specific immunity)

Question 7

mucous membrane provide …………. immunity

Answer 7

nonspecific

Question 8

mucous is secreted by some of the epithelial cells called the

Answer 8

goblet cells

Question 9

• oil from sebaceous glands

- forms a protective acidic film over skin that is hostile to many bacteria.

Answer 9

sebum

Question 10

contains an enzyme called lysozyme which is a natural antibacterial chemical.

Answer 10

perspiration, tears ,saliva

Question 11

help create a hostile environment for other microbes

Answer 11

Bacteria

Question 12

the complement system is affective against …….. but not ………

Answer 12

bacteria , viruses

Question 13

the complement complex kills bacteria by…

Answer 13

impaling the bacterial wall and then osmotic pressure forces water into it . therefore destroying it

Question 14

is secreted by virus infected cell and passes to nearby uninfected cells to prevent further spread of virus infection.

Answer 14

Interferon

Question 15

proteins responsible for high temperature causing a fever

Answer 15

Pyrogens

Question 16

how does the fever harm pathogens directly and indirectly ?

Answer 16

direct: high temperature harms the pathogens
indirect: raising the metabolic rate

Question 17

inflammation is triggered by many factors such as…

Answer 17

1- pathogen entry
2- tissue abrasion
3- chemical irritation
4- extreme temperatures

Question 18

damaged cells release …. , … , …. to trigger inflammation when released into the interstitial fluid

Answer 18

prostaglandins , proteins, potassium

Question 19

the benefits of ........ include :
1-temporary tissue repair
2- blockage of continued pathogen entry
3- slowing of pathogen spreading
4- quicker repair of the damaged tissue

Answer 19

inflammation

Question 20

the first phagocyte to leave the blood vessels in response to infection or cell damage.

Answer 20

neutrophils (microphages)

Question 21

• large actively patrolling white blood cells that left the blood vessels
• travel through every tissue looking for foreign material

Answer 21

Macrophages

Question 22

• filter and clean lymph

- tonsils , spleen , bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and peyer’s patches.

Answer 22

lymphatic organs and tissues

Question 23

• return excess fluid from the tissues to the bloodstream
• absorb fats from the intestine and transport them to the bloodstream
• defend the body against specific invaders

Answer 23

lymph nodes

Question 24

specialized B-lymphocytes create disease fighting compounds called antibodies

Answer 24

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity

Question 25

specialized T-lymphocytes directly attack pathogen containing cells through cell to cell contact.

Answer 25

cell mediated (cellular) immunity

Question 26

• mature in the blood marrow
• spend most of their time inside lymph nodes and interstitial fluid.
• produce specific antibodies in response to a particular pathogen.

Answer 26

B cells ( B lymphocytes)

Question 27

• mature in the thymus gland

- involved in direct destruction pf antigen containing cells (through cell to cell contact)

Answer 27

T cells ( T lymphocytes)

Question 28

antibodies inactivate antigens, usually by causing them to ……….

Answer 28

agglutinate

Question 29

Vaccinations rely on using ……….

Answer 29

memory B cells

Question 30

five classes of antibodies( immunoglobulins) :

Answer 30

ig G : most common 80%
ig A : found in secretions like saliva
ig M : predominant in infants 9%
ig E : responsible for immediate allergic reactions
ig D : binds antigens that stimulate B cell activation, found. in mature B cells

Question 31

two populations of T cells and function :

Answer 31

cytotoxic T cells :

• seek out and destroy(make holes) pathogens all over the body
• stimulated to divide by cytokines releases from helper T cells
• respond specifically to altered HLA (human leukocyte antigen)

helper T cells :
- stimulate cytotoxic T cells and also matching B cells

Question 32

natural killer cells are part of the

Answer 32

non specific immune response

Question 33

immunity from experience such as

• natural : flu
• artificial: vaccines

Answer 33

active immunity

Question 34

the secondary response will be ………… than the primary response because it will remember that pathogen

Answer 34

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