immunity and the lymphatic system Flashcards
…..are disease causing agents such as fungus , bacteria, virus.
Pathogens
- inborn
- mounts the same defenses regardless of pathogen type
- no memory
nonspecific (innate) immunity
- part is inborn and part develops over course of life
- mounts a specific attack against a specific pathogen
- develops memory
specific (acquired) immunity
- skin, mucous membrane , mucus, hairs, tears, saliva, urine, defecation, and vomiting
- sebum, lysozyme, gastric juices, vaginal secretions.
physical and chemical surface Barriers of first line defense (innate immunity)
antimicrobial proteins, interferons, and the complement system
- fever, inflammation, phagocytes
inter cellular and chemical defenses of second Line defense (innate immunity)
interactions of white blood cells antibodies, and microphages
-helps protect against cancer
immune responses of Third line defense (specific immunity)
mucous membrane provide …………. immunity
nonspecific
mucous is secreted by some of the epithelial cells called the
goblet cells
- oil from sebaceous glands
- forms a protective acidic film over skin that is hostile to many bacteria.
sebum
contains an enzyme called lysozyme which is a natural antibacterial chemical.
perspiration, tears ,saliva
help create a hostile environment for other microbes
Bacteria
the complement system is affective against …….. but not ………
bacteria , viruses
the complement complex kills bacteria by…
impaling the bacterial wall and then osmotic pressure forces water into it . therefore destroying it
is secreted by virus infected cell and passes to nearby uninfected cells to prevent further spread of virus infection.
Interferon
proteins responsible for high temperature causing a fever
Pyrogens
how does the fever harm pathogens directly and indirectly ?
direct: high temperature harms the pathogens
indirect: raising the metabolic rate
inflammation is triggered by many factors such as…
1- pathogen entry
2- tissue abrasion
3- chemical irritation
4- extreme temperatures
damaged cells release …. , … , …. to trigger inflammation when released into the interstitial fluid
prostaglandins , proteins, potassium
the benefits of ........ include : 1-temporary tissue repair 2- blockage of continued pathogen entry 3- slowing of pathogen spreading 4- quicker repair of the damaged tissue
inflammation
the first phagocyte to leave the blood vessels in response to infection or cell damage.
neutrophils (microphages)
- large actively patrolling white blood cells that left the blood vessels
- travel through every tissue looking for foreign material
Macrophages
- filter and clean lymph
- tonsils , spleen , bone marrow, thymus, lymph nodes, and peyer’s patches.
lymphatic organs and tissues
- return excess fluid from the tissues to the bloodstream
- absorb fats from the intestine and transport them to the bloodstream
- defend the body against specific invaders
lymph nodes
specialized B-lymphocytes create disease fighting compounds called antibodies
Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
specialized T-lymphocytes directly attack pathogen containing cells through cell to cell contact.
cell mediated (cellular) immunity
- mature in the blood marrow
- spend most of their time inside lymph nodes and interstitial fluid.
- produce specific antibodies in response to a particular pathogen.
B cells ( B lymphocytes)
- mature in the thymus gland
- involved in direct destruction pf antigen containing cells (through cell to cell contact)
T cells ( T lymphocytes)
antibodies inactivate antigens, usually by causing them to ……….
agglutinate
Vaccinations rely on using ……….
memory B cells
five classes of antibodies( immunoglobulins) :
ig G : most common 80%
ig A : found in secretions like saliva
ig M : predominant in infants 9%
ig E : responsible for immediate allergic reactions
ig D : binds antigens that stimulate B cell activation, found. in mature B cells
two populations of T cells and function :
cytotoxic T cells :
- seek out and destroy(make holes) pathogens all over the body
- stimulated to divide by cytokines releases from helper T cells
- respond specifically to altered HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
helper T cells :
- stimulate cytotoxic T cells and also matching B cells
natural killer cells are part of the
non specific immune response
immunity from experience such as
- natural : flu
- artificial: vaccines
active immunity
the secondary response will be ………… than the primary response because it will remember that pathogen
FASTER