Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1 AP&P > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What form does Salbutamol come in and what is the dose?

A

2.5mg/2.5ml nebule or 5mg/2.5ml nebule. 5mg initial dose, no max limit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The indications of _________ is acute asthma attack where normal inhaler has failed, expiratory wheezing associated with allergy, anaphylaxis, smoke inhalation or other lower airway cause, exacerbation of COPD.

A

Salbutamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

There are no contraindications of __________ in an emergency.

A

Salbutamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The cautions of __________ include hypertension, angina, overactive thyroid, late pregnancy, severe hypertension with people on beta blockers.

A

Salbutamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What form does Ipratropium Bromide come in and what is the dose?

A 
250mcg/1ml nebuliser liquid.
500mcg dose (2ml) - max dose.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 3 indications of Ipratropium Bromide?

A
  • Acute severe or life-threatening asthma
  • Acute asthma unresponsive to Salbutamol
  • Exacerbation of COPD - unresponsive to Salbutamol.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 cautions of Ipratropium Bromide?

A

Use with care in patients with Glaucoma (protect eyes from mist), Pregnancy/breast feeding, Prostatic Hyperplasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What form does Adrenaline 1:1000 come in and what is the dose?

A

1mg/1ml pre-filled syringe or ampoule.

0.5ml dose (500mcg) - no limit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The indications of _________ ____ are anaphylaxis, life-threatening Asthma with failing ventilation and continued deterioration - despite nebuliser therapy.

A

Adrenaline 1:1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 2 cautions of Adrenaline 1:1000?

A

Severe hypertension may occur in patients on non-cardioselective beta-blockers (like Propranolol).
Do not administer IV adrenaline in anaphylaxis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three tiny bones called in the Nasal Cavity?

A

Inferior, Middle and Superior Nasal Conchae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

(1) What is the nasal cavity lined with? (2) What do they contain?

A

(1) Respiratory Mucosa Cells (2) These contain cilia, that moves dirt laden mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Respiratory mucosa cells that line the nasal cavity are what type of cells? And what do they contain?

A

Ciliated Columnar Epithelial Cells that contain mucous-secreting goblet cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main function of mucous?

A

To warm and moisten inhaled air before it goes down to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 5 openings of the Nasopharynx?

A

2 Pharyngeal tonsils, 2 auditory tubes, and a nostril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two sets of tonsils?

A

Palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the Adam’s apple called and where is it located?

A

Thyroid cartilage located in the laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the epiglottis do and where is it located?

A

The epiglottis closes when swallowing food to stop food going down the larynx and into the lungs, and it is situated in the laryngopharynx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the larynx also known as and why?

A

The voice box, because it houses the vocal chords.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are vocal chords and what do they do?

A

Gathered mucous membranes that cover up the ligaments, which vibrate when air passes over them, producing sound waves (speech).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is the anterior view of the larynx important for paramedic practice?

A

A needle may be used for emergency airway puncture in the Cricothyroid ligament, which is in between the Thyroid cartilage and the Cricoid cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the trachea also known as?

A

The windpipe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does the trachea divide in to?

A

Two large branches - the primary bronchi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the trachea and bronchi made up of?

A

Epithelial tissue, smooth muscle, and rings of cartilage to ensure it doesn’t collapse under the change of pressure between the lungs and the airway.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 3 layers of the lungs?

A

Parietal layer, Visceral Pleura and Pleural Cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have and what are they called?

A

3 lobes; Superior, middle and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes; Superior and inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A dome-shaped thin skeletal muscle used in respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does the diaphragm do during inhalation?

A

Contracts and flattens, creating a vacuum effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?

A

It relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What controls the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerve, which runs down from the neck to the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Boyle’s law and how does it relate to respiration?

A

If the pressure decreases - the volume increases.

During breathing this means that the contraction and relaxation of muscles acts to change the volume in the thoracic cavity, and as the thoracic cavity and lungs move together, this changes the volume of the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Charles’ Law and how does it relate to respiration?

A

If the temperature increases - so does the volume.

This means that when cold air is inhaled, the volume will change as it warms in passing through the nose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The pressure of a mixture of gas is the sum of the pressures - of those individual components is recognised as _________ ____. This relates to the lungs as gases go from an area of high pressure to low pressure, so the partial pressures of inhaled and alveolar air determine why oxygen goes into the alveoli, and why carbon dioxide leaves the alveoli.

A

Dalton’s Law (of partial pressures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Henry’s Law and how does it relate to respiration?

A

The amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

This explains how gases dissolve across the alveoli, as the higher the gas, the more gas will be dissolved into the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is passive inspiration?

A

The phase of ventilation which air enters the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is passive expiration?

A

The phase of respiration in which air is expelled from the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What respiratory muscles initiate passive inspiration?

A

The diaphragm (flattens) and external intercostal muscles (expands thoracic cavity).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What respiratory muscles initiate passive expiration?

A

The diaphragm (relaxes) and internal intercostal muscles (relaxes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is active inspiration?

A

Contraction of the accessory muscles to increase the volume of thoracic cavity - usually during exercise or an asthma attack.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is active expiration?

A

Contraction of several thoracic and abdominal muscles to decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of gases with the external environment at an alveolar level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 3 main modes of transport of Carbon Dioxide?

A

Through bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), by blood plasma, and by erythrocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the capillaries and the cells / metabolising tissues of the body.

45
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

The process by which living cells break down glucose molecules and release energy.

46
Q

What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport

47
Q

What is the regulation of normal breathing controlled by?

A

Autonomic Nervous System

48
Q

What is the medullary respiratory centre responsible for and where is it located?

A

Generates rhythmic nerve impulses that stimulate contraction of the inspiratory muscles - diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles.

This is located in the medulla oblongata.

49
Q

What is the pneumotaxic area responsible for and where is it located?

A

Inhibits the respiratory centre, so it limits the contraction of the inspiratory muscles and prevents the lungs from over-inflating. It also controls the rate and pattern of breathing.

It is located in the upper pons.

50
Q

What is the apneustic area responsible for and where is it located?

A

Stimulates the inspiratory centre, prolonging the contraction of the inspiratory muscles.

This is located in the lower pons.

51
Q

What 3 groups of sensory neurons control respiration?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors, Sensory chemoreceptors and Stretch receptors.

52
Q

What are breath sounds categorised by?

A

Duration, sound, location, frequency and pitch.

53
Q

What does FLAPS stand for? (chest inspection)

A 
Feel
Look
Auscultate
Percuss
Search back/armpits
54
Q

What does TWELVE stand for? (neck inspection)

A 
Trachea
Wounds
Emphysema (subcutaneous)
Larynx
Veins (jugular)
Evaluate
55
Q

When performing an auscultation, what should the patient do?

A

Breathe with their mouth open (not through their nose).

Cross their arms in front of their chest when listening posteriorly.

56
Q

The main functions of the ________ palate are to aid speech, swallowing, and breathing.

A

Soft

57
Q

______ ___states pressure is inversely proportional to volume (at a constant temperature)

A

Boyle’s Law

58
Q

_________ _____________ is the only contra-indication of Oxygen administration detailed in the JRCALC.

A

Explosive Environments

59
Q

_____________ respond to changes in the partial pressures of PO2 and PCO2 in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.

A

Chemoreceptors

60
Q

When the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases – the volume of the lungs (1) ________ and the pressure within the lungs (2) ________

A

(1) decreases

(2) increases

61
Q

Expiration is the phase of ventilation in which air is expelled from the lungs. It is initiated by ________ of the inspiratory muscles

A

Relaxation

62
Q

Henry’s law states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the_______ ________of that gas

A

Partial pressure

63
Q

The pharmacokinetics of nebulised Ipratropium Bromide, mean around________% is lost into the GI tract.

A

90%

64
Q

Oxygen increases the risk of________at the scene of an incident

A

Fire hazard

65
Q

__________ _____ is indicated in life threatening Asthma with failing ventilation, continued deterioration despite nebulised therapy.

A

Adrenaline 1:1000

66
Q

The 3 indications for the administration of salbutamol in our practice are (1)________ ,(2)________and (3)________

A

(1) Acute asthma attack
(2) Expiratory wheezing
(3) Exacerbation of COPD

67
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin is an unstable compound that readily dissociates releasing________

A

Oxygen

68
Q

The following 5 conditions do not require the administration of supplemental oxygen, unless the patient is hypoxaemic:

A

(1) Myocardial infarction
(2) Paraquat poisoning
(3) Heat exhaustion
(4) Post convulsions
(5) Shortness of Breath

69
Q

Charles’ Law states that (1) ________ is directly proportional to (2) ________ at a constant pressure

A

(1) temperature

(2) volume

70
Q

External respiration is the exchange of gases with the ________environment, and occurs in the________of the lungs.

A

(1) external

(2) alveoli

71
Q

The oral cavity has dual functions as part of the (1) ________and (2) ________systems

A

(1) digestive

(2) respiratory

72
Q

_________ _____________ are located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

73
Q

When the volume of the thoracic cavity increases – the volume of the lungs (1) ________and the pressure within the lungs (2) ________

A

(1) increases

(2) decreases

74
Q

_______ ____states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of each gas in the mixture (it is only true for ideal gases).

A

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

75
Q

Non-humidified O2 can have a drying and irritating effect on the ______ __________ after prolonged use.

A

Mucous membrane

76
Q

The______has c-shaped horizontal rings of hyaline cartilage along it’s length to protect it from closing due to pressure changes.

A

Trachea

77
Q

Name the 2 sets of tonsils found in the Oropharynx:

(1) ______ and (2) ______

A

(1) Lingual tonsils

(2) Palatine tonsils

78
Q

Active inspiration involves the contraction of the _________ _________of breathing (in addition to those of quiet inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals)

A

Accessory muscles

79
Q

__________ is the phase of ventilation in which air enters the lungs.

A

Inspiration

80
Q

_________ _____________refers to gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the metabolizing tissues.

A

Internal respiration

81
Q

The majority of oxygen molecules (98.5%) are carried from the lungs to the body’s tissues by a specialized transport system, which relies on the______/______

A

(1) Erythrocytes

(2) Red Blood Cells

82
Q

The sensitivity of the central chemoreceptors to raised arterial______is the most important factor in maintaining homeostasis of blood gases.

A

PCO2

83
Q

Aside from an allergic reaction, what 5 presentations are all possible side effects of Ipratropium bromide administration?

A

(1) Nausea
(2) Dry mouth (common)
(3) Tachycardia
(4) Arrhythmia
(5) Paroxysmal tightness of the chest

84
Q

The administration of Ipratropium bromide is contra-indicated by ________

A

Nothing (in an emergency)

85
Q

Epinephrine is a sympathomimetric that stimulates both α and β _________ ________

A

Adrenergic receptors

86
Q

The _______ ______of the lung is the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and this layer is innervated by the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve.

A

Parietal pleura

87
Q

As per Boyle’s law, an increase in lung volume results in a (1) ______ in (2) ______ within the lungs

A

(1) decrease

(2) pressure

88
Q

Oxygen is required for cellular respiration; therefore, it is an ______ problem

A

Aerobic

89
Q

Oxygenation is essential for normal physiological function alongside Cell ______

A

Metabolism

90
Q

The pharmacodynamics of __________ is that its a selective beta2 adrenoreceptor stimulant. It is a relaxant on the smooth muscle in the medium and smaller airways - which are in spasm in acute asthma attacks.

A

Salbutamol

91
Q

The side effects of __________ include: tremor, tachycardia, palpitations, headache, feelings of tension, peripheral vasodilation, muscle cramps and a rash.

A

Salbutamol

92
Q

The pharmacodynamics of ___________ ________ are that it is an antimuscarinic bronchodilater - not a beta2 agonist so won’t work as quickly as Salbutamol.
It works better in children with acute asthma and adults suffering with COPD.

A

Ipratropium bromide

93
Q

The pharmacodynamics of Adrenaline 1:1000 show that it is a ____________ that stimulates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. As a result, myocardial and cerebral blood flow is enhanced during CPR - causing it to be more effective due to increased peripheral resistance which improves perfusion pressures. It also reverses allergic manifestations of acute anaphylaxis, and relieves bronchospasms.

A

Sympathomimetic

94
Q

What is the common presentation of hydrocortisone?

A

100mg/1ml solution for injection

95
Q

What are the 3 indications of hydrocortisone?

A

Severe or life-threatening asthma
Anaphylaxis
Adrenal crisis

96
Q

What is the IV dose for hydrocortisone for asthma or adrenal crisis?

A

100mg – max dose (slow injection over 2 mins min)

97
Q

What is the IV dose for hydrocortisone for anaphylaxis?

A

200mg - max dose (slow injection over 2 mins min)

98
Q

_____________ is a glucocorticoid drug that restores BP, blood sugar, cardiac synchronicity and volume. High levels are important to survive shock. Therapeutic actions include suppression of inflammation and immune response.

A

Hydrocortisone

99
Q

____________ may cause stinging or burning sensations.

A

Hydrocortisone

100
Q

_________ ___________ is the process by which living cells break down glucose molecules and release energy

A

Cellular respiration

101
Q

_______ ___________ refers to gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in the metabolizing tissues.

A

Internal respiration

102
Q

__________ ____________ are located in the arch of the aorta and carotid bodies

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

103
Q

Aside from an allergic reaction, what 5 presentations are all possible side effects of Ipratropium bromide administration?

A
  1. Nausea
  2. Dry mouth (common)
  3. Tachycardia
  4. Paroxysmal tightness of the chest
  5. Arrythmia
104
Q

What part of the upper respiratory system has these 3 functions: Protect the airway from choking/foreign bodies, regulate the flow of air into the lungs and production of sounds used in speech?

A

Larynx

105
Q

What 5 conditions do not require the administration of supplemental oxygen, unless the patient is hypoxaemic?

A
  1. Myocardial infarction
  2. Paraquat poisoning
  3. Heat exhaustion
  4. Post convulsions
  5. Shortness of breath
106
Q

Expiration is the phase of ventilation in which air is expelled from the lungs. It is initiated by ___________ of the inspiratory muscles

A

Relaxation

107
Q

________ ____ states pressure is inversely proportional to volume (at a constant temperature)

A

Boyle’s Law

108
Q

Henry’s law states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the _______ ________ of that gas

A

Partial pressure

109
Q

The 3 indications for the administration of salbutamol in our practice are: (1) ______ _______ ______, (2) ___________ __________ and (3) _____________ ___ _____

A
  1. Acute asthma attack
  2. Expiratory wheezing
  3. Exacerbation of COPD

Year 1 AP&P (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions