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Year 1 AP&P > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The outer layer of the heart is the __________

A

Pericardium

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2
Q

The middle layer of the heart is the __________

A

Myocardium

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3
Q

The innermost layer of the heart is the __________

A

Endocardium

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4
Q

(1) A normal adult heart rate is __ - ___ bpm.
(2) Tachycardia is >___bpm
(3) Bradycardia is

A

(1) 60 - 100 bpm
(2) >100 bpm
(3) <60 bpm

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5
Q

What does depolarisation mean?

A

Contraction

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6
Q

The (1) ___ wave on an ECG represents atrial depolarisation and the (2) __ ____ is responsible for this

A

(1) P wave

(2) SA node

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7
Q

The P-Q segment on an ECG represents ___________ (long answer).

A

The time the signal travels from the SA node to the AV node.

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8
Q

The QRS complex on an ECG represents _______ ____________ - The AV node fires off electrical impulses down the bundle of His, through the right and left ventricular branches, ad through the purkinje fibres.

A

Ventricular Depolarisation (contraction).

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9
Q

The ____ wave on an ECG represents ventricles contracting and pump blood out

A

S-T

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10
Q

The T wave on an ECG represents _________ ____________

A

Ventricular Repolarisation

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11
Q

What does repolarisation mean?

A

Relaxation

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12
Q

The __________ is the thoracic cavity that the heart sits in.

A

Mediastinum

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13
Q

The ________ _____ is the right semilunar valve.

A

Pulmonary valve

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14
Q

The ______ _____ is the right atrioventricular valve.

A

Tricuspid valve

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15
Q

The _____ _____ is the left semilunar valve

A

Aortic valve

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16
Q

The ______ _____ is the left atrioventricular valve

A

Mitral valve

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17
Q

The ______ ________ is Fibrous cords of connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and mitral valve (AV valves). It stops the AV valves from letting blood flow back into the ventricles.

A

Chordae Tendinae

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18
Q

The pulmonary artery carries __________ blood

A

Deoxygenated

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19
Q

The pulmonary vein carries __________ blood

A

Oxygenated

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20
Q

The left and right (1) ________ ______ supply blood to the heart, more specifically the myocardium. They branch off from the (2) _____, just above the semilunar valves, and sit on top of the heart like a crown.

A

(1) Coronary arteries

(2) Aorta

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21
Q

Diastole = ______

A

Relax

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22
Q

Systole = _______

A

Contract

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23
Q

The first stage of the cardiac cycle: ______ ______ - All chambers are relaxed, they start to fill up with blood from the inferior and superior vena cavae (right), and from the pulmonary veins.

A

Cardiac Diastole

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24
Q

The second stage of the Cardiac cycle: _____ _______, __________ _________ -
Blood empties into the ventricles to equalise the pressure. Blood stops flowing when 70%ish of the blood is in the ventricles. The atria contract, pushing the other 30% into the ventricles.
The atria then relaxes, and the Ventricles contract, closing the AV nodes.

A

Atrial Systole, Ventricular Diastole

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25
Q

The third stage of the Cardiac cycle: _____ _______, __________ _________ - The high pressure in the ventricles cause the SL valves to open, so the blood flows into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
The ventricles relax, thereby decreasing the pressure, pulling the SL valves closed. The decrease in pressure causes the blood to flow backwards, but the SL valves stop a back flow.

A

Atrial Diastole, Ventricular Systole

26
Q

The amount of blood pumped through the circulatory system in 1 minute is known as (1) ______ _______. This is calculated as (2) _____ ______ x _____ ____ = ___ __ __

A

(1) Cardiac Output

(2) Stroke Volume x Heart Rate = ?litres per minute

27
Q

____ _______ is the amount of blood pumped out in a single contraction/heartbeat (litres).

A

Stroke volume

28
Q

____ ___ is the number of times the heart beats per minute

A

Heart rate

29
Q

_____ _______ is the force of blood pushing against the arterial wall.

A

Blood pressure

30
Q

(1) ________ blood pressure is the highest pressure and (2) ________ blood pressure is the lowest pressure.

A

(1) Systolic

(2) Diastolic

31
Q

An erythrocyte can carry approximately __ _______ haemoglobin molecules

A

280 million

32
Q

A haemoglobin molecule can carry _ oxygen molecules

A

4

33
Q

The three types of Granulocytes are: (1) ________, (2) _________, and (3) _________.

A

(1) Neutrophils
(2) Basophils
(3) Eosinophils

34
Q

The two types of Agranulocytes are (1) __________ and (2) __________

A

(1) Monocytes

(2) Lymphocytes

35
Q

_________ is the cessation (stopping) of bleeding

A

Haemostasis

36
Q

__________ should always be administered through a large bore cannula due to its caustic nature?

A

Amiodarone

37
Q

The maximum dose of Clopidogrel is (1) ____mg for Thrombolysis, (2) _____mg for PPCI.

A

(1) 300mg

(2) 600mg

38
Q

The 3 indications of Clopidogrel are (1) _____, (2) ______ or (3) _________ ___________

A

(1) STEMI
(2) PPCI
(3) Thrombolytic treatment.

39
Q

STEMI stands for _____ __-______ _________ ________.

A

Acute ST-elevated Myocardial Infarction

40
Q

PPCI stands for ______ ________ _________ _________ - and it is a procedure used to treat the narrowed coronary arteries of the heart and angina in patients.

A

Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

41
Q

The 3 contraindications of Clopidogrel are (1K) _____ _______, (2S) ______ ________ _________ and (3A) ________ _______ _________ (such as a peptic ulcer).

A

(1) Known allergy
(2) Severe liver impairment
(3) Active pathological bleeding

42
Q

GTN comes as a sublingual spray (___mcg). There is no max dose.

A

400

43
Q

___ ______ is used for cardiac chest pain due to angina or MI, when systolic BP is >90mmHg or breathlessness due to pulmonary oedema.

A

GTN spray

44
Q

The 7 contraindications of ______ are hypotension, hypovoleamia, head trauma, cerebral haemorrhage, sildenafil use, unconscious patient, or known severe aortic / mitral stenosis.

A

GTN

45
Q

The 2 side effects of ________ are wheezing in some asthmatics and increased risk of gastric bleeding.

A

Aspirin

46
Q

Clopidogrel inhibits ______ _________

A

Platelet aggregation

47
Q

The 4 side effects of Clopidogrel are: (1) _______, (2) _________ ___, (3) _______ and (4) _______ (GI and intercranial)

A

(1) Dyspepsia
(2) Abdominal pain
(3) Diarrhoea
(4) Bleeding

48
Q

The pharmacodynamics of GTN show that it is a _________ drug - as it dilates the coronary arteries / systemic veins.

A

Vasodilator

49
Q

The 3 potential side effects of GTN are: (1H) ________, (2D) _________ and (3H) __________

A

(1) Headache
(2) Dizziness
(3) Hypotension.

50
Q

(1) The maximum dose of Aspirin is ____mg (1 tablet)

(2) Aspirin comes in the form of a ________ or ________ tablet

A

(1) 300mg

(2) Dispersible or Chewable tablet

51
Q

The indications of Aspirin are (1) ________ _________ or (2) ________.

A

(1) Myocardial Infarction or

(2) Ischaemia.

52
Q

The 4 contraindications of ________ are children under 16, active GI bleeding, hemophilia of other blood clotting disorders, severe hepatic disease.

A

Aspirin

53
Q

Platelet cells are also known as ____________

A

Thrombocytes

54
Q

The brief pause between the P waves and the QRS complex represents a momentary conduction delay at the ___ _____

A

AV node

55
Q

Prothrombin Activator (common pathway) can be formed by two processes which often occur together: the (1) __________ __________ and the (2) __________ _________

A

(1) Intrinsic pathway

(2) Extrinsic pathway

56
Q

__________ is the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots

A

Fibrinolysis

57
Q

GTN is not administered orally because it is completely destroyed by the process of ______ _____ ____________

A

First Pass Metabolism

58
Q

The backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction is prevented by the ______________ _______

A

Atrioventricular valves

59
Q

The ______ ______ layer of the blood vessel is made up of elastic fibres and muscle and provides strength and contractility.

A

tunica media

60
Q

The benefits of Clopidogrel in an emergency situation mean that it can be administered with caution in __________

A

pregnancy

61
Q

What percentage of blood is made up of red blood cells?

A

approx 45%

Year 1 AP&P (7 decks)

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