Abdominal/GI System Flashcards
Kidneys (and liver) produce the hormone ____________ which stimulates red blood cell production erythropoiesis in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
The kidney plays a central role in the regulation of ________ blood pressure
Arterial
The hormone _________ is a the physiologically active form of vit D and is synthesized in the kidneys, it helps to regulate the concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood which promotes the healthy growth and remodelling of bone.
Calcitriol
Urine is then transported to the urinary bladder until it is expelled from the body by the process of __________ (urination)
Micturition
Excess glucose is turned into (1) ________ by the hormone (2) _______ that is secreted by the pancreas. This is then stored in the liver, muscles and some fat
(1) Glycogen
(2) Insulin
There are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “substances that cannot be digested or absorbed are excreted as faeces” describes the activity of __________
Elimination
From time of administration Glucagon may take up to __ _______ to establish its full therapeutic effect.
15 minutes
In the glomerular capillaries, the plasma is forced out and caught by the Bowman’s capsule in a process called _______ __________
Glomerular filtration
Glucagon should not be administered via the intravenous route, because it will induce _________
Vomiting
Each dose of Glucose 40% Oral Gel is __ ____
10 grams
The (1) __________ _____ secreted into the stomach helps to aide (2) _________ digestion
(1) Hydrochloric acid
(2) Chemical
Two _______ convey the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Ureters
The ______ uses glucose as a fuel for large metabolic activity or puts the remaining glucose back into circulating blood
Liver
Some of the main functions of the ______ during digestion is; storing glucose in the form of glycogen the breakdown of amino acids, and the secretion of bile
Liver
The salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth to aide with (1) _________ digestion through helping to breakdown carbohydrates with (2) _______ ________
(1) Chemical
(2) Salivary amylase
As the (1) ______ _______ are secreted into the stomach to aide digestion and the breakdown of food substances, it turns them into a substance known as (2) ______
(1) Gastric juices
(2) Chyme
Large amounts of absorption takes place in the small intestine. This absorption is aided by three things that help to increase the surface area of the small intestines (1) ____ __ _______ ________, and (2) _____, and (3) __________
(1) Folds of mucosa membrane
(2) Villi
(3) Microvilli
Urea is a nitrogenous component of urine and it is a a byproduct of the breakdown of _____ _____
Amino acids
One of the main functions of the exocrine role of the pancreas in aiding digestion is the release and secretion of ________ _______ that contain enzymes to help digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the small intestine
Pancreatic juices
Most of the absorption takes place in the ______ __________ inside the digestive system.
Small intestine
________ is a nitrogenous component of urine and is a smelly byproduct of the breakdown of proteins.
Ammonia
Sensory nerve cells in the hypothalamus called ___________detect changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood
Osmoreceptors
_________ _____ products are removed from the blood and eliminated from the body in urine.
Metabolic waste
The _____ __________ is responsible for the main absorption of the bodies water intake during digestion in the GI tract
Small intestine
The _________ is the flap that closes off the larynx & tracheal opening preventing swallowed food boluses and fluids from entering the lower airways.
Epiglottis
(1) ________ is a hormone that induces the conversion of glycogen to (2) _______ in the liver
(1) Glucagon
(2) Glucose
Blood enters the glomerulus via the ________ ________
Afferent arteriole
There are __ main salivary glands that secrete saliva and digestive enzymes when chewing food takes place in the mouth.
3
The __________ ______ is the main artery that feeds the abdomen and digestive organs with oxygenated blood
Abdominal aorta
There are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “the mixture and movement of content or boluses along the GI tract” describes the activity of ___________
Propulsion
The side effects of __________ include Sedation, Dry Mouth and Headache amongst others, but are more likely when treating children and older patients
Chlorphenamine
Renal corpuscle is the area of interface between the cardiovascular system and the kidney, it is where the _________ __ ______ occurs
Filtering of blood
The urine that drips down the nephron’s collecting ducts enters into the renal pelvis and from there, it moves along the (1) ______ and into the (2) _______
(1) Ureter
(2) Bladder
Syntometrine is presented as a combination of
(1) _________ 500 mcg and (2) __________ 5 units in a 1 ml ampoule
(1) Ergometrine
(2) Oxytocin
The Renal corpuscle contains both the (1) __________ and (2) _______ ________
(1) Glomerulus
(2) Bowman’s Capsule
In our practice we do NOT administer___________ Adrenaline 1:1000 to treat anaphylaxis.
Intravenous
Glucagon should be administered via the __________ route in the antero-lateral aspect of the thigh or upper arm
Intramuscular
The hormone (1) ________ secreted by the pancreas converts stored (2) ________ back into glucose that can be used as energy by the body.
(1) Glucagon
(2) Glycogen
Urinary volume is controlled mainly by __________ _________ (ADH)
Antidiuretic hormone
The maximum dose for ________ __ ____ ___ is 20 grams
Glucose 40% oral gel
10mg/1ml ampoule or a 4mg tablet are presentations of _____________
Chlorphenamine
What are the indications of chlorphenamine?
Severe anaphylaxis or symptomatic allergic reactions falling short of anaphylaxis.
The IV / IO / IM dose of chlorphenamine is ___ml over 1 minute (max dose)
1ml
What is the preferred method of chlorphenamine administration?
IV
The contraindications of __________ are: known hypersensitivity, and patients who have been treated with MAOIs within the last 14 days.
Chlorphenamine
Sedation, dry mouth, headache, blurred vision, urinary retention, psychomotor impairment, GI disturbance and convulsions (rare) are side effects of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chlorphenamine
What is the presentation of glucose gel 40%?
Plastic tube of 25g glucose 40% oral gel
Glucose gel 40% is used for ____________
Hypoglycaemia (known or suspected)
What is the (buccal) dose for glucose gel 40%?
1-2 tubes every 5 mins
What are the contraindications of glucose gel 40%?
None
1mg of powder in vial for reconstitution with water for injection is the presentation of _________
Glucagon
Glucagon is required for ___________ in patients that cannot have oral administration.
Hypoglycaemia
What is the preferred administration of glucagon?
IM
What is the dose of glucagon?
1 vial (1mg) - max dose
_________ should NOT be given by IV injection because of increased vomiting.
Glucagon
Pheochromocytoma (adrenal tumour) is a contraindication of __________
Glucagon
The side effects of __________ are nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, hypokalaemia, hypotension and acute hypersensitivity reaction (rare).
Glucagon
Check blood glucose __ - __ mins after administration of glucagon.
10-15 mins
Syntometrine is 500mcg _________ / 5 units ________ in 1ml ampoule
(1) Ergometrine
(2) Oxytocin
What are the indications of syntometrine?
- Post-partum haemorrhage within 24 hours of delivery
2. Miscarriage with life-threatening bleeding and a confirmed diagnosis.
What is the preferred administration of syntometrine?
IM
What is the dose of syntometrine? (IM)
1ml – max dose.
Known hypersensitivity, active labour, severe cardiac, liver or kidney disease, hypertension and severe pre-eclampsia, possible multiple pregnancy/known or suspected foetus in utero are all contraindications of ____________
Syntometrine
When the decision is made to urinate, the (1) _________ muscle relaxes, allowing urine to flow out through the (2) _______ and the bladder wall muscles contract to push the urine out.
(1) sphincter
(2) urethra
Hypostop was a common UK brand name for (1) ________ ___ ____ ___ and is presented in a tube containing (2) ___g of glucose
(1) Glucose 40% oral gel
(2) 10g
When the bladder is full, messages travel along nerves from the bladder via the stretch receptors to the _______ ____
Spinal cord
Most of the waste products of ________ ___________ and many other substances exit the body via the urinary system.
cellular metabolism
The administration of ____________ has several key actions including the suppression of inflammation and immune response in Anaphylaxis patients.
hydrocortisone
Glucose 40% is administered via the ______ route to ensure effective pharmacodynamic absorption
buccal
When decreased water content of the blood is detected by the osmoreceptors in the brain, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) output is (1) _________ so more water is reabsorbed leading to (2) _________ urine output
(1) increased
(2) decreased
Amylase is responsible for the breakdown of _______
Starch
When food reaches the larynx, swallowing becomes ____________ (no longer under voluntary control)
Reflexive
The 4 main parts of the large intestine are the (1) _______, (2) ______, (3) _______ and (4) ____ ______
- Caecum
- Colon
- Rectum
- Anal canal
In the small intestine: Carbohydrates are broken down to (1) _____________, proteins are broken down to (2) ______ _____, and fats are broken down to (3) _____ _____ and ________
- monosaccharides
- amino acids
- fatty acids and glycerol
The (1) ________ secrete urine, the (2) ________ convey the urine from the kidneys down to the bladder, the (3) ________ is where urine is collected and temporarily stored, and the (4) ________ is where urine is excreted to the exterior, out of the system
- kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
The renal corpuscle contains the (1) __________ (capillaries) and the (2) __________ _________
- glomerulus
2. bowman’s capsule
Glomerular filtration is when the blood plasma is forced out of the (1) _________ and caught by the (2) _________ _______.
- glomerulus
2. bowman’s capsule
Blood left in the renal corpuscle capillaries leave via the _________ arteriole
efferent
The _________ ___________ _______ pulls water and other useful molecules so they can enter back into the blood stream.
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Urine contains: (1) ____ , (2) ________, (3) _______, (4) ____ _____ and (5) ______
- urea
- creatine
- ammonia
- uric acid
- water
The breakdown of ______ _____ creates urea
amino acids
The breakdown of ________ creates ammonia
proteins
The breakdown of ______ ____ creates uric acid
nucleic acid
Urination is called ___________
Micturition
The RAAS can be seriously affected in kidney disease, causing ____________
Hypertension
The reabsorption of water and tubular secretion happens in the _______ ___________ _______
Distal Convoluted Tubule
The kidney influences blood pressure by causing the arteries and veins to constrict via the _____-__________-_________-_______
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
The action of chewing by the teeth aides with _________ digestion through breaking down the food substances.
mechanical
Sensory nerve cells in the hypothalamus called ____________ detect changes in the osmotic pressure of the blood
Osmoreceptors
Pertaining to the secretion of substances out through a duct describes the function of the _________ system
exocrine
(1) ________ glands are the glands that secrete hormones without ducts, while (2) ________ glands secrete hormones through ducts.
- endocrine
2. exocrine
The main functions of the endocrine role of the pancreas in aiding digestion is the secretion of the hormones insulin and glucagon from the ______ ___ ___________ into the circulatory system which helps maintain the blood glucose levels
Islets of Langerhans
The main role of the nephron is __________ __________ to get the beneficial molecules (such as glucose, amino acids and electrolytes) back into our blood while leaving the wastes in the filtrate to be excreted as urine.
selective reabsorption
There are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “mechanical breakdown (chewing) and chemical breakdown by enzymes present in secretions produced by glands or accessory organs” describe the activity of __________
digestion
Whatever is left in the collecting duct of the nephron is now ______ and it drips down the duct (through the medulla) and into the renal pelvis.
urine
The substance (1) _______ is absorbed in the villi of the small intestine and transported to the liver via (2) ______ _________
(1) glucose
(2) portal circulation
The ________ has both exocrine and endocrine properties involved within the digestive systems.
pancreas
The main function of the Loop of Henle is ______ _________, _____ __________
Water retention, water reabsorption
The key actions of Oxytocin administration results in the production further endogenous oxytocin in a cascading effect known as a ________ _________ loop
Positive Feedback
__________ line the nephrons, increasing the surface area within the tubule where substances can enter and leave the filtrate
Microvilli
____________ should be administered over 2 minutes to avoid the side effects of the phosphate preservative causing stinging or burning sensation
Hydrocortisone
The ______ ________ separates the stomach from the small intestine
Pyloric sphincter
Blood glucose levels should remain between ___ - ___ mmol/L to maintain normal levels within a health patient.
3.5 - 8.0
(1) __________ is the name for the contraction and relaxation of the (2) ______ _______ that propels food boluses through the GI tract
- Peristalsis
2. smooth muscle
Severe Anaphylaxis Shock in our practice is treated with the following medications in order to treat the symptoms: (1) ___________ ____ and (2) ___________, (3) __________ as an antihistamine and (4) ___________ to prevent a biphasic response and (5) ___________to address any airway wheezing
- Adrenaline 1:1000
- Epinephrine
- Chlorphenamine
- Hydrocortisone
- Salbutamol
In the administration of Loratadine children < age of 12 and a known hypersensitivity are both exclusion criteria along with (1) ______ _____ __________ and (2) _________ / _____ ________
- Severe liver impairment
2. Pregnancy / Breast feeding
When blood volume is increased, stretch receptors in the _____ of the heart release atrial natriuretic hormone / ANP.
Atria
here are 5 main activities conducted by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract: “eating, drinking & taking onboard food and drink” describes the activity of __________
ingestion
The normal pH of urine varies from ___ - ___
4.5 - 8
The _________ system is a chemical messenger system comprising of feedback loops of hormones released by internal glands directly into the circulatory systems.
endocrine
___________ _____ has several actions one of which is to reverse allergic manifestations of acute anaphylaxis.
Adrenaline 1:1000
Food passes from the mouth to the pharynx, and then down the ____________ into the stomach
Oesophagus
The main substances absorbed in the large intestine is (1) ______. However, (2) ________ __ is also absorbed with in the colon inside the large intestine
- Water
2. Vitamin K
Plasma passes through into the Bowman’s capsule of the Renal Corpuscle, bringing along small molecule solutes, including wastes and toxins like urea and creatine as well as useful small molecule substances like glucose, amino acids and electrolytes. This captured plasma is now called ________ and is routed into the nephron
filtrate
A ‘caution’ to the administration of _________ are patients presenting with hypoglycaemic seizures
Glucagon
Inside the small intestine the digested nutrients of carbohydrates, proteins and fats are absorbed through the (1) _____ or (2) __________ into the blood capillaries
- villi
2. microvilli
The (1) ________ ____ ____ is the main vein that transports deoxygenated blood away from the abdomen and the organs of the GI tract and back up to the right side of the(2) ______
- Inferior vena cava
2. heart
When increased water content of the blood is detected by the osmoreceptors in the brain, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) output is (1) __________ so less water is reabsorbed by the cells in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts leading to (2) _________ urine output
(1) decreased
(2) increased
The blood remaining in the capillaries exits the glomerulus via the _________ ________ and continues its way through the kidneys
Efferent arteriole
The substance (1) _______ is absorbed in the villi of the small intestine and transported to the liver via (2) ______ ___________
- glucose
2. portal circulation
There are __ main salivary glands that secrete saliva and digestive enzymes when chewing food takes place in the mouth.
3
One of the main functions of the exocrine role of the pancreas in aiding digestion is the release and secretion of ________ ______ that contain enzymes to help digest carbohydrates, proteins and fats in the small intestine
pancreatic juices
Glucagon should not be administered via the intravenous route, because it will induce _________
Vomiting
The salivary glands secrete enzymes into the mouth to aide with (1) _________ digestion through helping to breakdown carbohydrates with (2) ________ ________
- chemical
2. salivary amylase
Some of the main functions of the ______ during digestion is; storing glucose in the form of glycogen the breakdown of amino acids, and the secretion of bile
liver
Each dose of Glucose 40% Oral Gel is ___g
10g
The _______ _______ is responsible for the main absorption of the bodies water intake during digestion in the GI
small intestine
