Neurological System Flashcards
The two parts of the PNS is the (1) _______ / _______ division and the (2) _______ / _________ division.
(1) Sensory / Afferent
(2) Motor / Efferent
The main objective of the Nervous System is to maintain __________ by interpreting and processing the body’s responses to internal and external triggers
Homeostasis
The Meninges:
The outer layer is the (1) _____ _______, the middle layer is the (2) ________ ________, and the inner layer is the (3) ____ ________
(1) Dura Mater
(2) Arachnoid Mater
(3) Pia Mater
What are the three parts of the Nervous System?
The Brain (CNS), The Spinal Cord (CNS) and the Peripheral Nerves (PNS)
What makes up the Autonomic Nervous System?
Sympathetic (speed up) and Parasympathetic (slow down).
The ________ _________ system is the body’s control centre, and it receives information from internal and external environments which it interprets and processes with the body’s response.
Central Nervous
The CNS sends nerve impulses through _________ ______
Efferent nerves
The PNS sends nerve impulses through _________ ______
Afferent nerves
The ________ division of the PNS is responsible for senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) and internal senses (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, osmoreceptors)
Afferent
The ________ division of the PNS is responsible for the Somatic Nervous System (voluntary movements) and Autoionic Nervous System (involuntary processes)
Efferent
What are the two types of nerve tissue?
Neurons and Neuroglia
A ________ is a single nerve cell that can synthesise ATP from glucose.
Neuron
What are nerves?
Bundle of Axons (nerve cells) bound together
Some cranial nerves are sensory nerves; some are motor nerves and others have both functions and are called _______ nerves
Mixed
The sense of the somatosensory area, taste area, and visual areas of the brain are primarily found in the _________ lobe.
Parietal
In the peripheral nervous system sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell are examples of senses associated with the ______, ______ division
Afferent, Sensory
_____________ work on specific receptor sites on the membranes of the dendrites of the target neuron.
Neurotransmitters
_______ has two possible side effects of an increased risk of gastric bleeding and Wheezing in some Asthmatics
Aspirin
Cranial nerves originate from the nuclei in the inferior surface of the ______
Brain
Entonox is presented as a mixed medical gas of (1) ________ and (2) ______ _______
(1) Oxygen
(2) Nitrous Oxide
The autonomic nervous system has two divisions. The functions that control the “rest & digest” or “feed & breed” states are controlled by the ____________ division of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic
Protection in the central nervous system (CVS) comes in the form of the (1) ______ for the brain, and the (2) ________ for the spinal cord
(1) Skull
(2) Vertebrae
The brain and spinal cord are completely surrounded by three layers of tissue, the _________
Meninges
The meninges lie between the (1) _______ and the (2) _______, and in between the (3)________ __________ and the (4) _______ _____
(1) Skull
(2) Brain
(3) Vertebral Foramina
(4) Spinal cord
The max adult dose for Naloxone Hydrochloride is 4000 (1) ___ administered over (2) __ doses.
(1) Mcg
(2) 10
Neurons can generate and transmit electrical impulses called ______ ________ which sends signals around the nervous system
Action potential
The (1) _____ _____ is the main nervous tissue link between the brain and the rest of the body.
It runs from the medulla oblongata to the 1st ______ vertebrae
(1) Spinal cord
(2) Lumbar
Action potential is due to movement of ____ across the nerve cell membrane.
Ions
Ibuprofen administration may cause sides effects of (1) _______, (2) _________, and (3) ________
(1) Nausea
(2) Vomiting
(3) Tinnitus
In the structure of a single neuron, the speed of the signal along the neuron can be greatly increased by the presence of (1) _______ _______.
The action potential can only allow the diffusion of ions across small gaps called (2) _____ __ _______that are found between (3) _______ _____
(1) Myelin sheaths
(2) Nodes of Ranvier
(3) Schwann cells
The ventricles in the brain are responsible for the production, transport and removal of ____________ ______ which helps bathe important structures of the central nervous system (CNS).
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
The brain is a large organ in the central nervous system (CNS) that consists of (1) __ lobes, (2) __ hemispheres and (3) __ ventricles
(1) 4
(2) 2
(3) 4
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) helps to support and protect the brain and spinal cord by maintaining a uniform ________ around these structures
Pressure
CSF is secreted into each ventricle of the brain by _______ __________. These are vascular areas that are rich in blood vessels and surrounded by ependymal cells in the lining of the ventricle walls.
Choroid Plexuses
The meeting point between two neurons is known as the ________
Synapse
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enters the subarachnoid space through the _____ _________ in the brain
Fourth ventricle
The synaptic vessels in the synapses store a chemical transmitter called a (1) _____________which are released by exocytosis in response to (2) _______ _________ and diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
(1) Neurotransmitter
(2) Action potential
Entonox cylinders have a (1) ______ body and (2) _______ shoulder and must be turned to mix the (3) ____ when the temperatures are low.
(1) Blue
(2) White
(3) Gas
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises of
(1) ___ paired cranial nerves and (2) ___ spinal nerves
(1) 12
(2) 31
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is involved in regulation of breathing as it bathes the surfaces of the ________ ___________, where the respiratory centre is found
Medulla Oblongata
The autonomic nervous system has two divisions. The functions that control the “fight or flight” states are controlled by the __________ division of the autonomic nervous system.
Sympathetic
The Circle of Willis and other arteries provide the brain with a continuous supply of (1) _______. This is vital in maintaining a constant supply of (2) ________ and (3) _______ to the brain to allow it to function at full capacity
(1) Blood
(2) Oxygen
(3) Glucose
In the structure of a single neuron, the ______ helps to transfer the impulse or signal away from the cell body towards other cells or receptor organs
Axon
The dura mater and the arachnoid mater in the meninges are separated by a potential space known as the __________ space
Subdural
The arachnoid mater and the pia mater in the meninges are separated by a potential space known as the ____________ space
Subarachnoid
SPINAL NERVE GROUPS:
(1) Cervical has __ paired nerves.
(2) Thoracic has __ paired nerves.
(3) Lumbar has __ paired nerves.
(4) Sacral has __ paired nerves.
(5) Coccyx has __ paired nerves.
(1) 8
(2) 12
(3) 5
(4) 5
(5) 1
The _______ __________is heavily associated with autonomic reflex activity such as; cardiovascular and respiratory centres, and reflex centres of the GI and respiratory tracts.
Medulla Oblongata
The (1) _________ is the largest part of the brain.
The superficial part of this structure is composed of nerve cell bodies of “grey matter” which forms the (2) _________ _______. It is here where specific locations serve very specific and specialised functions for the rest of the body
(1) Cerebrum
(2) Cerebral Cortex
Impulses from the brain to various organs and tissues descend through the (1) ______ ____ and leave at the appropriate levels and pass to a structure or organ via a specific (2) ________
(1) Spinal cord
(2) Nerve
The central nervous system (CNS) is the “control centre” that interprets and responds to information and impulses from around the body (internal and external) via __________ nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
Afferent, Sensory
The speed of impulses in neurons is greatly affected by the presence of myelin found in Schwann cells. If the neuron is (1) __________the speed of the impulse is significantly faster than those of (2) _____________
(1) Myelinated
(2) Non-myelinated
The primary auditory area can be located in the _________ lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain.
Temporal
A bundle of Axons or neurons bound together are called _______
Nerves
Spinal reflex actions are ___________ and immediate motor responses to a sensory impulse e.g. pain. These reflexes take place in the spinal cord
Involuntary
The frontal lobe of the brain is the __________ area
Olfactory
The temporal lobe of the brain is the _________ area
Auditory
Relief of mild to moderate pain,
pyrexia with discomfort (high temp),
soft tissue injuries, and best when used as part of a balanced analgesic regimen are indications of __________
Ibuprofen
What is the max dose of ibuprofen?
1.2g in 24 hours
Contraindications of _________ include patients who are: dehydrated, hypovolaemic, known to have renal insufficiency, suffering with upper GI disturbance, in the last trimester of pregnancy, a child with chickenpox, sensitive to NSAID’s, suffering with an active peptic ulcer/haemorrhage, or suffering with severe heart failure, renal failure or hepatic failure.
Ibuprofen
What are the 3 types of pharmacodynamical properties of ibuprofen?
Analgesic (pain-relieving)
Antipyretic (temperature reducing)
Anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation)
What are the 3 side effects of ibuprofen?
Nausea, vomiting and tinnitus
What are the two pharmacodynamical properties of paracetamol?
Analgesic (pain-relieving)
Antipyretic (temperature reducing)
For IV paracetamol administration, ___ml is given every 4-6 hours (given over 15 mins)
100ml
IV paracetamol can cause _________ if administered too rapidly
Hypotension
What is the presentation of Naloxone Hydrochloride?
400mcg/1ml ampoule
The IV/IO dose of Naloxone is ___ml every 3 mins.
1ml (400mcg)
What is the max dose of Naloxone?
10ml (4000mcg)
What are the contraindications of Naloxone?
None in an emergency setting
________ is a common side effect of Naloxone administration
Vomiting (make sure suction is available)
Moderate to severe pain and labour pains are indications for _________
Entonox
Do not give _________ to patients with: severe head injuries with impaired consciousness due to possible presence of intercranial air, decompression sickness where it can cause nitrogen bubbles within the bloodstream to expand, violently disturbed psychiatric patients, intraocular injection of gas within the last 4 weeks, abdominal pain where intestinal obstruction suspected.
Entonox
What is the presentation of Entonox?
Blue body, white shoulders
In the spinal cord both sensory and motor nerves are arranged in separate tracts. Outside of the spinal cord these two nerves are enclosed with in the same sheath of connective tissue called (1) ______ _______.
An example of this would be the (2) ______ nerve which has both sensory and motor responsibilities.
(1) mixed nerves
(2) vagus
In the motor division of the peripheral nervous system, voluntary movements are controlled by the ________ nervous system
somatic
The spinal cord ends around nerve L1. Below that the spinal nerves spread out to form a tail called the ______ _______
Cauda Equine
After the impulse generated by action potential has passed the (1) ______-_________ ____, this expels the Sodium (Na) from the cell in exchange for (2) __________ returning the cell back to its original state. This process is known as (3) ____________ and makes the impulse only able to travel in one direction.
(1) sodium-potassium pump
(2) Potassium (K)
(3) repolarisation
The ___________ is linked to hormone regulation and maintaining homeostasis. It controls the output of hormones released from the brain to communicate with the rest of the body.
Hypothalamus
In the structure of a single neuron the ____ ____ contains the nucleus, organises the neuron and maintains cell function. They can also vary in size and shape
cell body
The cerebellum of the brain is concerned with (1) _______ ______. It refines, smooths and helps with precise actions.
Proprioceptor impulses help with (2) ________ and (3) ________
(1) quality control
(2) posture
(3) balance
The primary motor area and the motor speech area are motor areas of the cerebral cortex of the brain are both found in the _______ lobe.
Frontal
Spoken word is perceived and comprehended in _________ areas found in the parietal lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain.
Wernicke’s
The primary visual area is found in the ________lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain.
occipital
Action potential travelling down a nerve axon is an (1) _________ signal. However, signals sent between two neurons in a chain is a (2) _________ signal as neurons do not come into contact with each other.
(1) electrical
(2) chemical
All patients that are physically dependant on (1) _______ risk violent withdrawal symptoms as a side effect of (2) ________ _____________ administration
(1) opioids
(2) Naloxone Hydrochloride
There are 3 layers to the meninges; the outer layer is known as the (1) ______ mater, the middle layer is known as the (2) _________ mater, and the inner layer is called the (3) ____ mater
(1) dura
(2) arachnoid
(3) pia
The space or gap between one neuron’s synapses and another neuron’s dendrites is called the _________ ______
Synaptic cleft
When action potential is stimulated in a neuron the (1) ___________ of the cell membrane to the resting ions changes which causes an (2) __________ impulse
(1) permeability
(2) electrical
In the structure of a single neuron the _________ receive signals from other nerve cells and pass them along to the cell body for further onward movement to other cells
dendrites
The brain receives around (1) ___% of cardiac output with each heart contraction and ejection. That is an average of (2) ____ml per minute.
(1) 15%
(2) 750ml
No physical contact between neurons means that the impulses pass from one neuron to another via (1) _________ found at the end of the axon called (2) _____ _________
(1) synapses
(2) axon terminals
What are the C1 - C3 nerves responsible for?
Neck muscles
What is the C4 nerve responsible for?
Diaphragm
What is the C5 nerve responsible for?
Deltoid (shoulder)
What is the C6 nerve responsible for?
Wrist
What is the C7 nerve responsible for?
Triceps
What are the C7-C8 nerves responsible for?
Fingers
What is the T1 nerve responsible for?
Hand
What are the T2-T12 nerves responsible for?
Intercostals (trunk)
What are the T7-L1 nerves responsible for?
Abdominals
What are the T11-L2 nerves responsible for?
Ejaculation
What is the L2 nerve responsible for?
Hips
What is the L3 nerve responsible for?
Quadriceps
What are the L4-L5 nerves responsible for?
Hamstrings-knee
What are the L4-S1 nerves responsible for?
Foot
What is the S2 nerve responsible for?
Penile erection
What are the S2-S3 nerves responsible for?
Bowel and bladder
Both neurons and nerves require a continuous supply of (1) _______ and (2) ________
(1) glucose
(2) oxygen
Decompression sickness, violent psychiatric patients and intraocular injection of gas within 4 weeks are all contra-indications for nitrous-oxide administration. The other two are (1) ______ ____ _______ with impaired consciousness and (2) ___________ ____ indicating possible intestinal obstruction
(1) severe head injury
(2) abdominal pain
In the peripheral nervous system osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are examples of _______ sensory information
internal
Initially during action potential Na floods into the neuron from outside the cell membrane from (1) ___________ ______ causing the K to leave the neuron. This process is commonly known as (2) _____________
(1) extracellular fluid
(2) depolarisation
Further protection and support is provided in the central nervous system (CNS) by a continuous, membranous covering known as the _________
meninges
___________ is indicated for mild to moderate pain as part of a balanced analgesia regimen.
Ibuprofen
At rest the charge on the outside of the cell membrane of a neuron is mostly (1) _________ charged with (2) ________ and the charge on the inside of the cell membrane is mostly (3) ________ with (4) __________
(1) Positive (+)
(2) Sodium (Na)
(3) Negative (-)
(4) Potassium (K)
In the structure of a single neuron the ______ ______ contains the nucleus, organises the neuron and maintains cell function. They can also vary in size and shape
cell body
In the structure of a single neuron the speed of the signal along the neuron can be greatly increased by the presence of (1) ______ _______.
The action potential can only allow the diffusion of ions across small gaps called (2) _____ __ ______that are found between (3) ______ ____
- myelin sheaths
- Nodes of ranvier
- Schwann cells
The sense of the somatosensory area, taste area, and visual areas of the brain are primarily found in the ________ lobe
Parietal
Both neurons and nerves require a continuous supply of (1) _______ and (2) ________
- glucose
2. oxygen
Spoken word is perceived and comprehended in ________ areas found in the parietal lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain.
Wernicke’s
Initially during action potential Na floods into the neuron from outside the cell membrane from (2) ___________ _____ causing the K to leave the neuron. This process is commonly known as (2) ___________
- extracellular fluid
2. depolarisation
Cranial nerves originate from the nuclei in the inferior surface of the ______
Brain
In the structure of a single neuron the _____ helps to transfer the impulse or signal away from the cell body towards other cells or receptor organs
axon
In the peripheral nervous system osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are examples of ________ sensory information
internal
In the spinal cord both sensory and motor nerves are arranged in separate tracts. Outside of the spinal cord these two nerves are enclosed with in the same sheath of connective tissue called (1) ______ _______.
An example of this would be the (2) ______ nerve which has both sensory and motor responsibilities.
- mixed nerves
2. vagus
Further protection and support is provided o the central nervous system (CNS) by a continuous, membranous covering known as the __________
meninges
_____________ work on specific receptor sites on the membranes of the dendrites of the target neuron.
Neurotransmitters
Decompression sickness, Violent psychiatric patients and intraocular injection of gas within 4 weeks are all contra-indications for nitrous-oxide administration the other two are (2) ______ ____ _____ with impaired consciousness and (2) __________ _____ indicating possible intestinal obstruction
- severe head injury
2. abdominal pain
When action potential is stimulated in a neuron the (1) __________ of the cell membrane to the resting ions changes which causes an (2) ________ impulse
- permeability
2. electrical
After the impulse generated by action has passed the (1) ______ _________ _____ expels the Sodium (Na) from the cell in exchange for (2) __________ returning cell back to its original state. This process is known as (2) _____________ and makes the impulse only able to travel in one direction.
- sodium-potassium pump
- potassium (K)
- repolarisation
Impulses from the brain to various organs and tissues descend through the (1) ______ ____and leave at the appropriate levels and pass to a structure or organ via a specific (2) ______
- spinal cord
2. nerve
