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Year 1 AP&P > Neurological System > Flashcards

Neurological System Flashcards

1
Q

The two parts of the PNS is the (1) _______ / _______ division and the (2) _______ / _________ division.

A

(1) Sensory / Afferent

(2) Motor / Efferent

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2
Q

The main objective of the Nervous System is to maintain __________ by interpreting and processing the body’s responses to internal and external triggers

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

The Meninges:
The outer layer is the (1) _____ _______, the middle layer is the (2) ________ ________, and the inner layer is the (3) ____ ________

A

(1) Dura Mater
(2) Arachnoid Mater
(3) Pia Mater

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4
Q

What are the three parts of the Nervous System?

A

The Brain (CNS), The Spinal Cord (CNS) and the Peripheral Nerves (PNS)

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5
Q

What makes up the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic (speed up) and Parasympathetic (slow down).

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6
Q

The ________ _________ system is the body’s control centre, and it receives information from internal and external environments which it interprets and processes with the body’s response.

A

Central Nervous

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7
Q

The CNS sends nerve impulses through _________ ______

A

Efferent nerves

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8
Q

The PNS sends nerve impulses through _________ ______

A

Afferent nerves

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9
Q

The ________ division of the PNS is responsible for senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) and internal senses (chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, osmoreceptors)

A

Afferent

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10
Q

The ________ division of the PNS is responsible for the Somatic Nervous System (voluntary movements) and Autoionic Nervous System (involuntary processes)

A

Efferent

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11
Q

What are the two types of nerve tissue?

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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12
Q

A ________ is a single nerve cell that can synthesise ATP from glucose.

A

Neuron

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13
Q

What are nerves?

A

Bundle of Axons (nerve cells) bound together

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14
Q

Some cranial nerves are sensory nerves; some are motor nerves and others have both functions and are called _______ nerves

A

Mixed

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15
Q

The sense of the somatosensory area, taste area, and visual areas of the brain are primarily found in the _________ lobe.

A

Parietal

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16
Q

In the peripheral nervous system sight, hearing, taste, touch, and smell are examples of senses associated with the ______, ______ division

A

Afferent, Sensory

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17
Q

_____________ work on specific receptor sites on the membranes of the dendrites of the target neuron.

A

Neurotransmitters

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18
Q

_______ has two possible side effects of an increased risk of gastric bleeding and Wheezing in some Asthmatics

A

Aspirin

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19
Q

Cranial nerves originate from the nuclei in the inferior surface of the ______

A

Brain

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20
Q

Entonox is presented as a mixed medical gas of (1) ________ and (2) ______ _______

A

(1) Oxygen

(2) Nitrous Oxide

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21
Q

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions. The functions that control the “rest & digest” or “feed & breed” states are controlled by the ____________ division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic

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22
Q

Protection in the central nervous system (CVS) comes in the form of the (1) ______ for the brain, and the (2) ________ for the spinal cord

A

(1) Skull

(2) Vertebrae

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23
Q

The brain and spinal cord are completely surrounded by three layers of tissue, the _________

A

Meninges

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24
Q

The meninges lie between the (1) _______ and the (2) _______, and in between the (3)________ __________ and the (4) _______ _____

A

(1) Skull
(2) Brain
(3) Vertebral Foramina
(4) Spinal cord

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25
Q

The max adult dose for Naloxone Hydrochloride is 4000 (1) ___ administered over (2) __ doses.

A

(1) Mcg

(2) 10

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26
Q

Neurons can generate and transmit electrical impulses called ______ ________ which sends signals around the nervous system

A

Action potential

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27
Q

The (1) _____ _____ is the main nervous tissue link between the brain and the rest of the body.
It runs from the medulla oblongata to the 1st ______ vertebrae

A

(1) Spinal cord

(2) Lumbar

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28
Q

Action potential is due to movement of ____ across the nerve cell membrane.

A

Ions

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29
Q

Ibuprofen administration may cause sides effects of (1) _______, (2) _________, and (3) ________

A

(1) Nausea
(2) Vomiting
(3) Tinnitus

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30
Q

In the structure of a single neuron, the speed of the signal along the neuron can be greatly increased by the presence of (1) _______ _______.
The action potential can only allow the diffusion of ions across small gaps called (2) _____ __ _______that are found between (3) _______ _____

A

(1) Myelin sheaths
(2) Nodes of Ranvier
(3) Schwann cells

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31
Q

The ventricles in the brain are responsible for the production, transport and removal of ____________ ______ which helps bathe important structures of the central nervous system (CNS).

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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32
Q

The brain is a large organ in the central nervous system (CNS) that consists of (1) __ lobes, (2) __ hemispheres and (3) __ ventricles

A

(1) 4
(2) 2
(3) 4

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33
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) helps to support and protect the brain and spinal cord by maintaining a uniform ________ around these structures

A

Pressure

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34
Q

CSF is secreted into each ventricle of the brain by _______ __________. These are vascular areas that are rich in blood vessels and surrounded by ependymal cells in the lining of the ventricle walls.

A

Choroid Plexuses

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35
Q

The meeting point between two neurons is known as the ________

A

Synapse

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36
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enters the subarachnoid space through the _____ _________ in the brain

A

Fourth ventricle

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37
Q

The synaptic vessels in the synapses store a chemical transmitter called a (1) _____________which are released by exocytosis in response to (2) _______ _________ and diffuse across the synaptic cleft.

A

(1) Neurotransmitter

(2) Action potential

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38
Q

Entonox cylinders have a (1) ______ body and (2) _______ shoulder and must be turned to mix the (3) ____ when the temperatures are low.

A

(1) Blue
(2) White
(3) Gas

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39
Q

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) comprises of

(1) ___ paired cranial nerves and (2) ___ spinal nerves

A

(1) 12

(2) 31

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40
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is involved in regulation of breathing as it bathes the surfaces of the ________ ___________, where the respiratory centre is found

A

Medulla Oblongata

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41
Q

The autonomic nervous system has two divisions. The functions that control the “fight or flight” states are controlled by the __________ division of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Sympathetic

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42
Q

The Circle of Willis and other arteries provide the brain with a continuous supply of (1) _______. This is vital in maintaining a constant supply of (2) ________ and (3) _______ to the brain to allow it to function at full capacity

A

(1) Blood
(2) Oxygen
(3) Glucose

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43
Q

In the structure of a single neuron, the ______ helps to transfer the impulse or signal away from the cell body towards other cells or receptor organs

A

Axon

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44
Q

The dura mater and the arachnoid mater in the meninges are separated by a potential space known as the __________ space

A

Subdural

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45
Q

The arachnoid mater and the pia mater in the meninges are separated by a potential space known as the ____________ space

A

Subarachnoid

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46
Q

SPINAL NERVE GROUPS:

(1) Cervical has __ paired nerves.
(2) Thoracic has __ paired nerves.
(3) Lumbar has __ paired nerves.
(4) Sacral has __ paired nerves.
(5) Coccyx has __ paired nerves.

A

(1) 8
(2) 12
(3) 5
(4) 5
(5) 1

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47
Q

The _______ __________is heavily associated with autonomic reflex activity such as; cardiovascular and respiratory centres, and reflex centres of the GI and respiratory tracts.

A

Medulla Oblongata

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48
Q

The (1) _________ is the largest part of the brain.
The superficial part of this structure is composed of nerve cell bodies of “grey matter” which forms the (2) _________ _______. It is here where specific locations serve very specific and specialised functions for the rest of the body

A

(1) Cerebrum

(2) Cerebral Cortex

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49
Q

Impulses from the brain to various organs and tissues descend through the (1) ______ ____ and leave at the appropriate levels and pass to a structure or organ via a specific (2) ________

A

(1) Spinal cord

(2) Nerve

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50
Q

The central nervous system (CNS) is the “control centre” that interprets and responds to information and impulses from around the body (internal and external) via __________ nerves in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

A

Afferent, Sensory

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51
Q

The speed of impulses in neurons is greatly affected by the presence of myelin found in Schwann cells. If the neuron is (1) __________the speed of the impulse is significantly faster than those of (2) _____________

A

(1) Myelinated

(2) Non-myelinated

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52
Q

The primary auditory area can be located in the _________ lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain.

A

Temporal

53
Q

A bundle of Axons or neurons bound together are called _______

A

Nerves

54
Q

Spinal reflex actions are ___________ and immediate motor responses to a sensory impulse e.g. pain. These reflexes take place in the spinal cord

A

Involuntary

55
Q

The frontal lobe of the brain is the __________ area

A

Olfactory

56
Q

The temporal lobe of the brain is the _________ area

A

Auditory

57
Q

Relief of mild to moderate pain,
pyrexia with discomfort (high temp),
soft tissue injuries, and best when used as part of a balanced analgesic regimen are indications of __________

A

Ibuprofen

58
Q

What is the max dose of ibuprofen?

A

1.2g in 24 hours

59
Q

Contraindications of _________ include patients who are: dehydrated, hypovolaemic, known to have renal insufficiency, suffering with upper GI disturbance, in the last trimester of pregnancy, a child with chickenpox, sensitive to NSAID’s, suffering with an active peptic ulcer/haemorrhage, or suffering with severe heart failure, renal failure or hepatic failure.

A

Ibuprofen

60
Q

What are the 3 types of pharmacodynamical properties of ibuprofen?

A

Analgesic (pain-relieving)
Antipyretic (temperature reducing)
Anti-inflammatory (reduces inflammation)

61
Q

What are the 3 side effects of ibuprofen?

A

Nausea, vomiting and tinnitus

62
Q

What are the two pharmacodynamical properties of paracetamol?

A

Analgesic (pain-relieving)

Antipyretic (temperature reducing)

63
Q

For IV paracetamol administration, ___ml is given every 4-6 hours (given over 15 mins)

A

100ml

64
Q

IV paracetamol can cause _________ if administered too rapidly

A

Hypotension

65
Q

What is the presentation of Naloxone Hydrochloride?

A

400mcg/1ml ampoule

66
Q

The IV/IO dose of Naloxone is ___ml every 3 mins.

A

1ml (400mcg)

67
Q

What is the max dose of Naloxone?

A

10ml (4000mcg)

68
Q

What are the contraindications of Naloxone?

A

None in an emergency setting

69
Q

________ is a common side effect of Naloxone administration

A

Vomiting (make sure suction is available)

70
Q

Moderate to severe pain and labour pains are indications for _________

A

Entonox

71
Q

Do not give _________ to patients with: severe head injuries with impaired consciousness due to possible presence of intercranial air, decompression sickness where it can cause nitrogen bubbles within the bloodstream to expand, violently disturbed psychiatric patients, intraocular injection of gas within the last 4 weeks, abdominal pain where intestinal obstruction suspected.

A

Entonox

72
Q

What is the presentation of Entonox?

A

Blue body, white shoulders

73
Q

In the spinal cord both sensory and motor nerves are arranged in separate tracts. Outside of the spinal cord these two nerves are enclosed with in the same sheath of connective tissue called (1) ______ _______.
An example of this would be the (2) ______ nerve which has both sensory and motor responsibilities.

A

(1) mixed nerves

(2) vagus

74
Q

In the motor division of the peripheral nervous system, voluntary movements are controlled by the ________ nervous system

A

somatic

75
Q

The spinal cord ends around nerve L1. Below that the spinal nerves spread out to form a tail called the ______ _______

A

Cauda Equine

76
Q

After the impulse generated by action potential has passed the (1) ______-_________ ____, this expels the Sodium (Na) from the cell in exchange for (2) __________ returning the cell back to its original state. This process is known as (3) ____________ and makes the impulse only able to travel in one direction.

A

(1) sodium-potassium pump
(2) Potassium (K)
(3) repolarisation

77
Q

The ___________ is linked to hormone regulation and maintaining homeostasis. It controls the output of hormones released from the brain to communicate with the rest of the body.

A

Hypothalamus

78
Q

In the structure of a single neuron the ____ ____ contains the nucleus, organises the neuron and maintains cell function. They can also vary in size and shape

A

cell body

79
Q

The cerebellum of the brain is concerned with (1) _______ ______. It refines, smooths and helps with precise actions.
Proprioceptor impulses help with (2) ________ and (3) ________

A

(1) quality control
(2) posture
(3) balance

80
Q

The primary motor area and the motor speech area are motor areas of the cerebral cortex of the brain are both found in the _______ lobe.

A

Frontal

81
Q

Spoken word is perceived and comprehended in _________ areas found in the parietal lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain.

A

Wernicke’s

82
Q

The primary visual area is found in the ________lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain.

A

occipital

83
Q

Action potential travelling down a nerve axon is an (1) _________ signal. However, signals sent between two neurons in a chain is a (2) _________ signal as neurons do not come into contact with each other.

A

(1) electrical

(2) chemical

84
Q

All patients that are physically dependant on (1) _______ risk violent withdrawal symptoms as a side effect of (2) ________ _____________ administration

A

(1) opioids

(2) Naloxone Hydrochloride

85
Q

There are 3 layers to the meninges; the outer layer is known as the (1) ______ mater, the middle layer is known as the (2) _________ mater, and the inner layer is called the (3) ____ mater

A

(1) dura
(2) arachnoid
(3) pia

86
Q

The space or gap between one neuron’s synapses and another neuron’s dendrites is called the _________ ______

A

Synaptic cleft

87
Q

When action potential is stimulated in a neuron the (1) ___________ of the cell membrane to the resting ions changes which causes an (2) __________ impulse

A

(1) permeability

(2) electrical

88
Q

In the structure of a single neuron the _________ receive signals from other nerve cells and pass them along to the cell body for further onward movement to other cells

A

dendrites

89
Q

The brain receives around (1) ___% of cardiac output with each heart contraction and ejection. That is an average of (2) ____ml per minute.

A

(1) 15%

(2) 750ml

90
Q

No physical contact between neurons means that the impulses pass from one neuron to another via (1) _________ found at the end of the axon called (2) _____ _________

A

(1) synapses

(2) axon terminals

91
Q

What are the C1 - C3 nerves responsible for?

A

Neck muscles

92
Q

What is the C4 nerve responsible for?

A

Diaphragm

93
Q

What is the C5 nerve responsible for?

A

Deltoid (shoulder)

94
Q

What is the C6 nerve responsible for?

A

Wrist

95
Q

What is the C7 nerve responsible for?

A

Triceps

96
Q

What are the C7-C8 nerves responsible for?

A

Fingers

97
Q

What is the T1 nerve responsible for?

A

Hand

98
Q

What are the T2-T12 nerves responsible for?

A

Intercostals (trunk)

99
Q

What are the T7-L1 nerves responsible for?

A

Abdominals

100
Q

What are the T11-L2 nerves responsible for?

A

Ejaculation

101
Q

What is the L2 nerve responsible for?

A

Hips

102
Q

What is the L3 nerve responsible for?

A

Quadriceps

103
Q

What are the L4-L5 nerves responsible for?

A

Hamstrings-knee

104
Q

What are the L4-S1 nerves responsible for?

A

Foot

105
Q

What is the S2 nerve responsible for?

A

Penile erection

106
Q

What are the S2-S3 nerves responsible for?

A

Bowel and bladder

107
Q

Both neurons and nerves require a continuous supply of (1) _______ and (2) ________

A

(1) glucose

(2) oxygen

108
Q

Decompression sickness, violent psychiatric patients and intraocular injection of gas within 4 weeks are all contra-indications for nitrous-oxide administration. The other two are (1) ______ ____ _______ with impaired consciousness and (2) ___________ ____ indicating possible intestinal obstruction

A

(1) severe head injury

(2) abdominal pain

109
Q

In the peripheral nervous system osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are examples of _______ sensory information

A

internal

110
Q

Initially during action potential Na floods into the neuron from outside the cell membrane from (1) ___________ ______ causing the K to leave the neuron. This process is commonly known as (2) _____________

A

(1) extracellular fluid

(2) depolarisation

111
Q

Further protection and support is provided in the central nervous system (CNS) by a continuous, membranous covering known as the _________

A

meninges

112
Q

___________ is indicated for mild to moderate pain as part of a balanced analgesia regimen.

A

Ibuprofen

113
Q

At rest the charge on the outside of the cell membrane of a neuron is mostly (1) _________ charged with (2) ________ and the charge on the inside of the cell membrane is mostly (3) ________ with (4) __________

A

(1) Positive (+)
(2) Sodium (Na)
(3) Negative (-)
(4) Potassium (K)

114
Q

In the structure of a single neuron the ______ ______ contains the nucleus, organises the neuron and maintains cell function. They can also vary in size and shape

A

cell body

115
Q

In the structure of a single neuron the speed of the signal along the neuron can be greatly increased by the presence of (1) ______ _______.
The action potential can only allow the diffusion of ions across small gaps called (2) _____ __ ______that are found between (3) ______ ____

A
  1. myelin sheaths
  2. Nodes of ranvier
  3. Schwann cells
116
Q

The sense of the somatosensory area, taste area, and visual areas of the brain are primarily found in the ________ lobe

A

Parietal

117
Q

Both neurons and nerves require a continuous supply of (1) _______ and (2) ________

A
  1. glucose

2. oxygen

118
Q

Spoken word is perceived and comprehended in ________ areas found in the parietal lobe in the cerebral cortex of the brain.

A

Wernicke’s

119
Q

Initially during action potential Na floods into the neuron from outside the cell membrane from (2) ___________ _____ causing the K to leave the neuron. This process is commonly known as (2) ___________

A
  1. extracellular fluid

2. depolarisation

120
Q

Cranial nerves originate from the nuclei in the inferior surface of the ______

A

Brain

121
Q

In the structure of a single neuron the _____ helps to transfer the impulse or signal away from the cell body towards other cells or receptor organs

A

axon

122
Q

In the peripheral nervous system osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors are examples of ________ sensory information

A

internal

123
Q

In the spinal cord both sensory and motor nerves are arranged in separate tracts. Outside of the spinal cord these two nerves are enclosed with in the same sheath of connective tissue called (1) ______ _______.
An example of this would be the (2) ______ nerve which has both sensory and motor responsibilities.

A
  1. mixed nerves

2. vagus

124
Q

Further protection and support is provided o the central nervous system (CNS) by a continuous, membranous covering known as the __________

A

meninges

125
Q

_____________ work on specific receptor sites on the membranes of the dendrites of the target neuron.

A

Neurotransmitters

126
Q

Decompression sickness, Violent psychiatric patients and intraocular injection of gas within 4 weeks are all contra-indications for nitrous-oxide administration the other two are (2) ______ ____ _____ with impaired consciousness and (2) __________ _____ indicating possible intestinal obstruction

A
  1. severe head injury

2. abdominal pain

127
Q

When action potential is stimulated in a neuron the (1) __________ of the cell membrane to the resting ions changes which causes an (2) ________ impulse

A
  1. permeability

2. electrical

128
Q

After the impulse generated by action has passed the (1) ______ _________ _____ expels the Sodium (Na) from the cell in exchange for (2) __________ returning cell back to its original state. This process is known as (2) _____________ and makes the impulse only able to travel in one direction.

A
  1. sodium-potassium pump
  2. potassium (K)
  3. repolarisation
129
Q

Impulses from the brain to various organs and tissues descend through the (1) ______ ____and leave at the appropriate levels and pass to a structure or organ via a specific (2) ______

A
  1. spinal cord

2. nerve

Year 1 AP&P (7 decks)

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