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Year 1 AP&P > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

The arteries that pass through the compact bone enter through the ______ ______

A

Nutrient foramen

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2
Q

The _________ in spongy bone are nourished by blood vessels of the periosteum that penetrate spongy bone and blood that circulates in the marrow cavities

A

Osteocytes

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3
Q

Veins that circulate in the marrow cavities then pass out of the bone through the _____ _____

A

Nutrient foramen

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4
Q

__% of the body’s calcium is found in the skeleton

A

99%

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5
Q

Bones are a reservoir for (1) _______ and (2) ________

A

(1) Calcium

(2) Phosphate

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6
Q

Osteoblasts secrete the protein _________ - which controls several physiological processes such as glucose homeostasis and exercise capacity, brain development, cognition, and male fertility.

A

Osteocalcin

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7
Q

________ are bone-forming cells the deposit inorganic salts and osteiod in bone tissue

A

Osteoblasts

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8
Q

The _______ ______ includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach each limb to the axial skeleton

A

Appendicular skeleton

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9
Q

In broad terms Pharmacodynamics is concerned with the actions of________with biological receptors, and Pharmacokinetics considers the A.D.M.E. of_________from the biological systems

A

(1) Chemicals

(2) Chemicals

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10
Q

The ______ is the only bone in the thigh and the longest bone in the body

A

Femur

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11
Q

Adults have______ bones in their bodies

A

206

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12
Q

The ______ is the only bony link between upper limbs and axial skeleton

A

Clavicle

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13
Q

The (1) ________ joint and the (2) _________ joint are the 2 joints of the big toe.

A

(1) Metatarsophalangeal

(2) Interphalangeal

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14
Q

The skeleton provides protection for many soft tissues and organs, as an example the (1) ________ protects the heart and lungs, the skull protects the brain, the

(2) _________ protect the spinal cord, and the
(3) ______ protects the delicate reproductive organs

A

(1) Rib cage
(2) Vertebrae
(3) Pelvis

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15
Q

The peripheral portion of the central nervous system (CNS) controls the ______ ______. Thus, these muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control.

A

Skeletal muscle

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16
Q

The ______ bone is the bone on top of the foot that forms a joint with the tibia and fibula of the lower leg.

A

Talus

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17
Q

Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx and hyoid bone are examples of _______ ______

A

Irregular bones

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18
Q

______ ____ ______ is involved in triglyceride storage

A

Yellow bone marrow

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19
Q

Your fingers have 3 joints: the (1) ___________________ at the base of the finger, the (2) ________ __________ ________in the middle of the finger and the (3) _____ __________ _____closest to the fingertip

A

(1) Metacarpophalangeal
(2) Proximal interphalangeal joint
(3) Distal interphalangeal joint

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20
Q

The bones of ______ joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue.

A

Fibrous

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21
Q

A ________ is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable

A

Ligament

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22
Q

The medullary cavity of the shaft or diaphysis of long bone is filled with ______ ____ _______

A

Yellow bone marrow

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23
Q

The bones of the skeleton also serve as the primary storage site for important minerals such as (1) ______ and (2) ________

A

(1) Calcium

(2) Phosphate

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24
Q

skeletal muscle cells contain protein filaments of (1) ______ and (2) ______ that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell

A

(1) Actin

(2) Myosin

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25
Q

The shoulder is an example of a ___ ___ ______ _______ _____

A

Ball and socket synovial joint

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26
Q

There are 33 bones in total in the vertebral column, consisting of 24 (1)_____ ________ and 9 (2) _____ ________

A

(1) True Vertebrae

(2) False Vertebrae

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27
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells found in ____ ____ _______ produce red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells

A

Red bone marrow

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28
Q

Administration of clinical drugs via the intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous methods are all __________ routes

A

Parenteral

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29
Q

_______ ____ is a bone that is inside a tendon where the tendon passes over a joint

A

Sesamoid bone

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30
Q

__________ is another name for blood cell production

A

Haematopoiesis

31
Q

The protein hormone _________ is secreted by osteoblasts in bone

A

Osteocalcin

32
Q

The _________ is the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell.

A

Osteoblast

33
Q

12 pairs ribs form the bony lateral walls of the ________ ____ and posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae.

A

Thoracic cage

34
Q

The cranium, ilium and sternum are examples of ____ bones

A

Flat

35
Q

Cervical & lumbar regions are a _______ shape

A

Concave

36
Q

A ______ is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone, and serves to move the bone or structure

A

Tendon

37
Q

As we get older, (1) ______ bone marrow starts to replace (2) _____ bone marrow

A

(1) Yellow

(2) Red

38
Q

The contraction of _______ muscle also produces the bulk of the body’s heat as a by-product of cellular metabolism.

A

Skeletal

39
Q

______ _____ lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for greater movement

A

Synovial Fluid

40
Q

The _____ is the main bone of the lower leg and it’s main function is weight bearing

A

Tibia

41
Q

____ _____ consist of a shaft and 2 extremities and are greater in length than width. Examples include the femur, tibia and fibula.

A

Long bone

42
Q

_________ joints are those in which the bones are connected by cartilage. Examples include; epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children and joints between vertebrae and between the pubic bones.

A

Cartilaginous

43
Q

Thoracic & sacral regions of the spine are a ______ shape

A

convex

44
Q

_____ _______ is found in the walls of the hollow internal organs such as blood vessels, the GI tract, bladder, and is an involuntary muscle under control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).

A

Smooth muscle

45
Q

The cells responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown, are the __________

A

Osteoclasts

46
Q

The _____ _________ forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back

A

Axial skeleton

47
Q

The Pharmacokinetics of ___________ determines the duration and intensity of a drug’s pharmacology action.

A

Metabolism

48
Q

The hinge-like__________ ______ allows you to bend and straighten your arm

A

Humeroulnar joint

49
Q

The contraction of ______ muscles are involuntary, strong, and rhythmical

A

Cardiac

50
Q

Bone is strong, durable type of __________ tissue

A

Connective

51
Q

The blood vessels and nerves follow the same path into and out of bone through a small opening in the diaphysis called the_______ _________

A

Nutrient foramen

52
Q

(1) ________ (wrists) and (2) _____________ (ankle) are examples of short bones

A

(1) Carpals

(2) metacarpals

53
Q

(1) __________ and some skull bones are examples of __________ _______

A

(1) Vertebrae

(2) irregular bones

54
Q

(1) _______, ribs and most skull bones are examples of (2) ____ _______

A

(1) Sternum

(2) flat bones

55
Q

The _________ is a sesamoid bone (shaped like a sesame seed)

A

Patella (knee cap)

56
Q

____ _______ consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and two extremities (epiphyses)

A

Long bones

57
Q

Most long bones are found in the limbs, examples include the (1) ______, (2) _____ and (3) _______

A

(1) femur
(2) tibia
(3) fibula

58
Q

The diaphysis is composed mainly of _______ ____, with a central medullary canal containing fatty yellow bone marrow.

A

Compact bone

59
Q

Long bones are almost completely covered by a vascular membrane - the ____________

A

periosteum

60
Q

__________ are bone-forming cells that deposit both inorganic salts and osteoid in bone tissue. This means they are present at sites where bone is growing, repairing or remodelling.

A

Osteoblasts

61
Q

__________ are mature bone cells that do not divide. They monitor and maintain bone tissue, and are nourished by tissue fluid in the canaliculi that radiate from the central canals.

A

Osteocytes

62
Q

__________ are cells that break down bone, releasing calcium and phosphate. They are giant cells that have formed from the fusion of many monocytes. Like osteoblasts, these are found in areas of the bone where there is active growth, repair or remodelling.

A

Osteoclasts

63
Q

The hyoid bone serves as a attachment site for the (1) ______ and is an example of an (2) _________ _____

A

(1) tongue

(2) irregular bone

64
Q

The temporal bone articulates with the mandible at the ___________________ ______ commonly known as the jaw

A

temporomandibular joint

65
Q

All Enteral administrated medications that progress into the G.I. tract run through (1) _____ _____ ____________prior to (2) ____________ through the systemic circulation

A

(1) first pass metabolism

(2) distribution

66
Q

Knees, elbows, and shoulders are examples of _________ _______

A

synovial joints

67
Q

The epiphyseal plate in long bone is commonly known as the ______ ______

A

growth plate

68
Q

The _______ _______ connects the axial skeleton to the lower limbs

A

pelvic girdle

69
Q

The _________ the largest bone of the foot, which lies beneath the talus to form the heel bone

A

calcaneus

70
Q

Starting from the top the vertebral column is divided into 5 regions: the (1) ________ region which has 7 vertebrae, the (2) _________ region which has 12 vertebrae, the (3) ________ region which has 5 vertebrae, the (4) _________region which has 5 fused vertebrae and the (5) ____________ region which has 4 fused vertebrae.

A

(1) cervical
(2) thoracic
(3) lumbar
(4) sacral
(5) coccygeal

71
Q

Pharmacology is not synonymous with __________ distinguished between direct patient care and clinical practice and a science orientated research field

A

pharmacy

72
Q

Administration of clinical drugs via the oesophagus, stomach, intestines or rectum are classed as _________ medications

A

enteral

73
Q

The ____ ______ is a hinge type synovial joint formed by articulations between the patella, femur and tibia.

A

knee joint

Year 1 AP&P (7 decks)

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