Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
The arteries that pass through the compact bone enter through the ______ ______
Nutrient foramen
The _________ in spongy bone are nourished by blood vessels of the periosteum that penetrate spongy bone and blood that circulates in the marrow cavities
Osteocytes
Veins that circulate in the marrow cavities then pass out of the bone through the _____ _____
Nutrient foramen
__% of the body’s calcium is found in the skeleton
99%
Bones are a reservoir for (1) _______ and (2) ________
(1) Calcium
(2) Phosphate
Osteoblasts secrete the protein _________ - which controls several physiological processes such as glucose homeostasis and exercise capacity, brain development, cognition, and male fertility.
Osteocalcin
________ are bone-forming cells the deposit inorganic salts and osteiod in bone tissue
Osteoblasts
The _______ ______ includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs, plus the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach each limb to the axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
In broad terms Pharmacodynamics is concerned with the actions of________with biological receptors, and Pharmacokinetics considers the A.D.M.E. of_________from the biological systems
(1) Chemicals
(2) Chemicals
The ______ is the only bone in the thigh and the longest bone in the body
Femur
Adults have______ bones in their bodies
206
The ______ is the only bony link between upper limbs and axial skeleton
Clavicle
The (1) ________ joint and the (2) _________ joint are the 2 joints of the big toe.
(1) Metatarsophalangeal
(2) Interphalangeal
The skeleton provides protection for many soft tissues and organs, as an example the (1) ________ protects the heart and lungs, the skull protects the brain, the
(2) _________ protect the spinal cord, and the
(3) ______ protects the delicate reproductive organs
(1) Rib cage
(2) Vertebrae
(3) Pelvis
The peripheral portion of the central nervous system (CNS) controls the ______ ______. Thus, these muscles are under conscious, or voluntary, control.
Skeletal muscle
The ______ bone is the bone on top of the foot that forms a joint with the tibia and fibula of the lower leg.
Talus
Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx and hyoid bone are examples of _______ ______
Irregular bones
______ ____ ______ is involved in triglyceride storage
Yellow bone marrow
Your fingers have 3 joints: the (1) ___________________ at the base of the finger, the (2) ________ __________ ________in the middle of the finger and the (3) _____ __________ _____closest to the fingertip
(1) Metacarpophalangeal
(2) Proximal interphalangeal joint
(3) Distal interphalangeal joint
The bones of ______ joints are held together by fibrous connective tissue.
Fibrous
A ________ is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and keep them stable
Ligament
The medullary cavity of the shaft or diaphysis of long bone is filled with ______ ____ _______
Yellow bone marrow
The bones of the skeleton also serve as the primary storage site for important minerals such as (1) ______ and (2) ________
(1) Calcium
(2) Phosphate
skeletal muscle cells contain protein filaments of (1) ______ and (2) ______ that slide past one another, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell
(1) Actin
(2) Myosin
The shoulder is an example of a ___ ___ ______ _______ _____
Ball and socket synovial joint
There are 33 bones in total in the vertebral column, consisting of 24 (1)_____ ________ and 9 (2) _____ ________
(1) True Vertebrae
(2) False Vertebrae
Hematopoietic stem cells found in ____ ____ _______ produce red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells
Red bone marrow
Administration of clinical drugs via the intravenous, intramuscular and subcutaneous methods are all __________ routes
Parenteral
_______ ____ is a bone that is inside a tendon where the tendon passes over a joint
Sesamoid bone
__________ is another name for blood cell production
Haematopoiesis
The protein hormone _________ is secreted by osteoblasts in bone
Osteocalcin
The _________ is the primary cell of mature bone and the most common type of bone cell.
Osteoblast
12 pairs ribs form the bony lateral walls of the ________ ____ and posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae.
Thoracic cage
The cranium, ilium and sternum are examples of ____ bones
Flat
Cervical & lumbar regions are a _______ shape
Concave
A ______ is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone, and serves to move the bone or structure
Tendon
As we get older, (1) ______ bone marrow starts to replace (2) _____ bone marrow
(1) Yellow
(2) Red
The contraction of _______ muscle also produces the bulk of the body’s heat as a by-product of cellular metabolism.
Skeletal
______ _____ lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for greater movement
Synovial Fluid
The _____ is the main bone of the lower leg and it’s main function is weight bearing
Tibia
____ _____ consist of a shaft and 2 extremities and are greater in length than width. Examples include the femur, tibia and fibula.
Long bone
_________ joints are those in which the bones are connected by cartilage. Examples include; epiphyseal plates of growing bones in children and joints between vertebrae and between the pubic bones.
Cartilaginous
Thoracic & sacral regions of the spine are a ______ shape
convex
_____ _______ is found in the walls of the hollow internal organs such as blood vessels, the GI tract, bladder, and is an involuntary muscle under control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Smooth muscle
The cells responsible for bone resorption, or breakdown, are the __________
Osteoclasts
The _____ _________ forms the vertical, central axis of the body and includes all bones of the head, neck, chest, and back
Axial skeleton
The Pharmacokinetics of ___________ determines the duration and intensity of a drug’s pharmacology action.
Metabolism
The hinge-like__________ ______ allows you to bend and straighten your arm
Humeroulnar joint
The contraction of ______ muscles are involuntary, strong, and rhythmical
Cardiac
Bone is strong, durable type of __________ tissue
Connective
The blood vessels and nerves follow the same path into and out of bone through a small opening in the diaphysis called the_______ _________
Nutrient foramen
(1) ________ (wrists) and (2) _____________ (ankle) are examples of short bones
(1) Carpals
(2) metacarpals
(1) __________ and some skull bones are examples of __________ _______
(1) Vertebrae
(2) irregular bones
(1) _______, ribs and most skull bones are examples of (2) ____ _______
(1) Sternum
(2) flat bones
The _________ is a sesamoid bone (shaped like a sesame seed)
Patella (knee cap)
____ _______ consist of a shaft (diaphysis) and two extremities (epiphyses)
Long bones
Most long bones are found in the limbs, examples include the (1) ______, (2) _____ and (3) _______
(1) femur
(2) tibia
(3) fibula
The diaphysis is composed mainly of _______ ____, with a central medullary canal containing fatty yellow bone marrow.
Compact bone
Long bones are almost completely covered by a vascular membrane - the ____________
periosteum
__________ are bone-forming cells that deposit both inorganic salts and osteoid in bone tissue. This means they are present at sites where bone is growing, repairing or remodelling.
Osteoblasts
__________ are mature bone cells that do not divide. They monitor and maintain bone tissue, and are nourished by tissue fluid in the canaliculi that radiate from the central canals.
Osteocytes
__________ are cells that break down bone, releasing calcium and phosphate. They are giant cells that have formed from the fusion of many monocytes. Like osteoblasts, these are found in areas of the bone where there is active growth, repair or remodelling.
Osteoclasts
The hyoid bone serves as a attachment site for the (1) ______ and is an example of an (2) _________ _____
(1) tongue
(2) irregular bone
The temporal bone articulates with the mandible at the ___________________ ______ commonly known as the jaw
temporomandibular joint
All Enteral administrated medications that progress into the G.I. tract run through (1) _____ _____ ____________prior to (2) ____________ through the systemic circulation
(1) first pass metabolism
(2) distribution
Knees, elbows, and shoulders are examples of _________ _______
synovial joints
The epiphyseal plate in long bone is commonly known as the ______ ______
growth plate
The _______ _______ connects the axial skeleton to the lower limbs
pelvic girdle
The _________ the largest bone of the foot, which lies beneath the talus to form the heel bone
calcaneus
Starting from the top the vertebral column is divided into 5 regions: the (1) ________ region which has 7 vertebrae, the (2) _________ region which has 12 vertebrae, the (3) ________ region which has 5 vertebrae, the (4) _________region which has 5 fused vertebrae and the (5) ____________ region which has 4 fused vertebrae.
(1) cervical
(2) thoracic
(3) lumbar
(4) sacral
(5) coccygeal
Pharmacology is not synonymous with __________ distinguished between direct patient care and clinical practice and a science orientated research field
pharmacy
Administration of clinical drugs via the oesophagus, stomach, intestines or rectum are classed as _________ medications
enteral
The ____ ______ is a hinge type synovial joint formed by articulations between the patella, femur and tibia.
knee joint
