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Biology 70% > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the organs/ structure of the respiratory system

A

Nasal cavity / trachea / pharynx / L & R Bronchi / Bronchus (R x 3 & L x 2) / Brochioles / Alveoli / Alveolar sac / (Diaphragm, Ribs)

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2
Q

How many parts does the lung have?

A

5: Right superior lobe, Right middle lobe, Right inferior lobe, Left superior lobe, Left inferior lobe

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3
Q

Lungs contain how many alveoli? They are surrounded by _________

A

millions

A network of capillaries

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4
Q

________ is taken up from the alveoli into _________; _________ is released into the alveoli from ________

A

O2 , blood ; CO2 , blood

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5
Q

Lungs are situated in ________, protected by _______

A

Thorax , ribs

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6
Q

Air is brought into lungs and ______ into ______ molecules

A

break down , small

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7
Q

What cells found at the nasal cavity?

The overall functions?

A

Epithelial goblet cells & mucus glands - produce mucus to trap foreign particules

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium - Cilia trap and push out the particles

Epithelium secretion

Clearance of inhaled particles

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8
Q

What prevents the collapse of the trachea, but flexible to allow ___________ during respiration

A

Rigid cartilage rings

Expanding and extension

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9
Q

What is attached to the end of the C- Shape cartilage rings?

A

Trachealis muscle

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10
Q

What muscles can be found around the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscles and some amount of longitudinal muscle

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11
Q

What cells can be found at the primary bronchus

A

Epithelial goblet cells & submucosal cells

But found fewer than in trachea

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12
Q

What happen if the mucus is too much or too much at the primary bronchus?

A

Allergic reaction

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13
Q

What controls the internal diameter of the bronchioles?

A

Smooth muscle controls the internal diameter

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14
Q

Submucosal glands can be found in bronchiole T/F

A

False. There’s no cartilage or submucosal glands in bronchioles

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15
Q

Different regions of bronchioles

A

Bronchioles has a part called Terminal bronchioles that branched to form Respiratory bronchiole, which branched to form Alveolar duct which ends with several Alveolus.

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16
Q

Where is the ONLY gas exchanging site?

A

Alveoli

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17
Q

What cells are found in the terminal bronchioles?

A

Epithelial cuboidal ciliated cells & Epithelial cuboidal non- ciliated Clara cells

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18
Q

How does alveolus ensure the efficient gas exchange?

A

The large amount of them give large surface area and the network of capillaries around each of them and the thin- walled structure

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19
Q

The alveoli is lined with ________ tissue.

Is there any secretion in the alveoli?

A

Specialised tissue. The mucus secretion by epithelial tissues stick to impurity or bacteria

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20
Q

Movements of ______ are involved for breathing?

A

Ribs & Diaphragm

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21
Q

The diaphragm is shaped like ______

A

Parachute

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22
Q

Breathing activities are controlled by ______ ? and how it affects the volume of thorax?

A

muscles > the volume of thorax is rhythmically increased and decreased

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23
Q

Describe what happen during inhalation

A
  • The diaphragm contracts and flattens downwards
  • The ribs are pulled up and outwards by the contraction of the external intercostal muscles
  • Therefore the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased
  • intrathoracic pressure is lower than outside, airs enter the lungs and they expand
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24
Q

Described what happen during exhalation

A
  • The diaphragm is relaxed an push back up
  • The ribs are lowered and inwards by the
    relaxation of external intercostal muscles
  • Therefore the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased
  • intrathoracic pressure is higher than ouside, airs leave the lungs
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25
Q

What controls the speed and depth of breathing?

A

the respiratory centre in the brain

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26
Q

What factors may affects the speed and depth of breathing?

A 
Blood pH (CO2 in the blood)
Body Temperature
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27
Q

What may affects the blood pH

A

Increase of activities > increase CO2 in the blood > lower blood pH

28
Q

What is the respiratory centre is sensitive to?

A

The acidity of blood flows through it (low blood pH)

29
Q

How would the respiratory system response to low blood pH?

A

Faster and deeper breathing to get more O2 to eliminate the high amount of CO2 and raise the blood pH to normal

30
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A
  • It occurs when exercising has use up more oxygen than can be provided by respiration
  • The intense exercise use up stores for
    energy such as ATP
  • Anaerobic respiration occurs, lactic acid is produced and builds up
31
Q

How can oxygen debt be repaid?

A

Continue rapid and deep breathing

32
Q

Different measurement of breathing

A
  • Tidal volume
  • Death space / Residual Volume
  • Vital capacity
  • Forced expiratory volume (FEV)
33
Q

What is Tidal Volume ?

A

The volume of air exchanged with the atmosphere at each breathing cycle

34
Q

What is Vital capacity ?

A

The volume of air breathe out after breathing in to the full extent

35
Q

What is Forced expiratory volume?

A

The volume of air exhaled with force in one breathe, can be measured in 1, 2, 3 secs as (FEV1, FEV2, FEV 3)

36
Q

What is Residual Volume?

A

The remaining air after breathing out to the full extend, mainly in the bronchus and bronchioles

37
Q

Different lung function tests

A
  • Gas Diffusion test

- Arterial Blood Gases

38
Q

Why carry out the lung function tests?

A
  • To determine the cause of breathing problems
  • To monitor the effectiveness of lung disease treatments
  • To diagnose certain lung disease, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Pre- test for surgery
  • To monitor someone who has been exposed to harmful substance such as asbestos
39
Q

What is gas diffusion test?

A

Measuring the amount of different gases across the alveoli per min to evaluate how well gases are being absorbed into blood from lungs

40
Q

What is arterial blood gases?

A

Determine the amount of O2 and CO2 in blood

41
Q

O2 moves from _______ to the_____ and from there it is transported to the_______

CO2 is transported from _____ in the_____to the______ and to the ____________

A

alveolar air > blood > tissues

tissues > blood (lungs) > alveolar air

42
Q

CO2 moves______ the alveolus & O2 moves _____ the alveolus

A

into ; out

43
Q

Air pressure gradients- more CO2 in ____ & more O2 in _______

A

blood ; alveolar air

44
Q

Gas exchange is based on _____________

A

the O2 and CO2 concentration gradient and passive diffusion

45
Q

The O2 and CO2 concentration is never even out so the gas exchange is constant. T/F

A

True

46
Q

The concentrations of O2 and CO2 in alveoli stay relatively constant, but vary in the bloodstream T/F

A

True

47
Q

Oxygen in the blood is transported mainly by ______

A

haemoglobin

48
Q

A haemoglobin molecule can carry how many oxygen molecules ?

A

4 x O2 molecules > 100% saturation

49
Q

Haemoglobin is an _________ protein

A

allosteric

50
Q

When haemoglobin is not carrying O2, it becomes_______

A

tense

51
Q

Haemoglobin structure changes when it’s _________ Once it picks up the 1st O2, it can ____________as it is more relaxed.

A

saturated , pick up more O2 easily

52
Q

The haemoglobin 2 a protein chains and 2 b protein chains made up ________that contain ________so they can each hold _________. Fe can bind with O2

A

4 haem groups
N & H
a Fe atom
reversibly

53
Q

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures?

A

pressure exerted by any gas in a mixture of gases is proportional to the percentage of that gas in the mixture

54
Q

Oxygen attaches to haemoglobin and becomes _________

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

55
Q

Haemoglobin in the ________takes up oxygen and becomes 100% saturated.O2 transport from ______ to _______

A

alveolar capillaries , blood > tissues

56
Q

in the alveoli, pO2 is _____ ; in the tissue pO2 is ________

A

high , lower

57
Q

Haemoglobin gives up some O2 to the tissue and becomes______saturated

A

75%

58
Q

The extra oxygen still carried by haemoglobin is called ____________

A

oxygen reserve

59
Q

O2 can be given up quickly to ______% if needed. This may due to __________

A

50 – 25%

stress, disease or injury

60
Q

What factors may affect haemoglobin saturation and need more O2?

A
  • Low blood pH, may due to exercise and CO2 built up

- High body temperature and tissues are stressed

61
Q

carbon dioxide in the blood is transported mainly as __________

A

HCO3-

62
Q

CO2 leaves cells within tissues and diffuses through the _____ into the __________

A

interstitial fluid , capillaries

63
Q

When CO2 leaves cells into the capillaries, it can __________

A
  • Dissolve in the plasma
  • Bind with haemoglobin within RBCs to form carboxyhaemoglobin
  • Converted within RBCs into bicarbonate (HCO3-)
64
Q

When CO2 leaves cells into the capillaries, What is use to convert CO2 into HCO3- and how?

A 
Carbonic anhydrase (an enzyme)
CO2+ H2O > H2CO3 (+ Cl-)> HCO3- + H+ > HCO3-
65
Q

How does CO2 transport from blood to alveolar air?

A
  • HCO3- re-enters the RBC it combines back with H+ to form carbonic acid (H2 CO3) and lose a Cl-
  • Carbonic anhydrase dissociates H2CO3 to form H2O and CO2, which CO2 diffuses across the capillary & alveolar walls

Biology 70% (9 decks)

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