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Biology 70% > Reproduction system > Flashcards

Reproduction system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the reproductive system involves?

A

Production, storage, nourishment and release of gametes

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2
Q

What is gametes?

A

Haploid, specialised sex cells

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3
Q

What is the process that produce female and male gametes?

A

Gametogenesis

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4
Q

what is gonads?

A

Sexual organs that produce and store gametes

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5
Q

What is the female gametes? What is the male gametes?

A

Ova & Spermatozoa

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6
Q

What is the female gonads? What is the male gonads?

A

Ovary & Testis

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7
Q

What is fertilization?

A

A process of gametes being released from the gonads to enable fusion of the spermatozoon with the ovum.
This results in the formation of a zygote, which can then develop into an embryo

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8
Q

What is zygote?

A

Diploid, fusion of spermatozoon and ovum

Will develop into an embryo

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9
Q

What is embryo?

A

A developed embryo

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10
Q

The gonads also work as ________ ______

A

Endocrine glands

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11
Q

What is testis

A

Male gonad, site of spermatozoa production

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12
Q

Where is the site of spermatozoa maturation

A

Epididymis

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13
Q

What does scrotum do?

A

Suspend the testis (decrease the temp)

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14
Q

What is the carriage from epididymis to urethra?

A

vans deferens (ductus deferens)

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15
Q

What contributes to produce seminal fluid?

A

prostate glands, Cowper’s glands, seminal vesicles

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16
Q

What is penis’s role?

A

carriage out of the body

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17
Q

In the testis, spermatozoa are generated in the ________ _____

A

seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

Spermatozoa are matured in _______ prior to _________

A

epididymis, ejaculation

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19
Q

Seminiferous tubules contain spermatozoa at different development stages T/F

A

True

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20
Q

The development of spermatozoa is called___________

A

Spermatogenesis

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21
Q

Spermatogenesis starts at _______, take ___ days to complete the process

A

Puberty, ~ 70 days

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22
Q

The average male produce ______ sperm per day

A

at least 150 million

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23
Q

Sperm is _____ times smaller than eggs

A

100 times

sperm is 0.04 mm long, 0.004mm wide

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24
Q

Name the ___ steps in spermatogenesis

A

[spermatogenesis] Type A spermatogonia (2N) (mitosis)
> Type B spermatogonia (2N)
> Primary spermatocytes (2N) (meiosis I)
> Secondary spermatocytes (1N) (meiosis I)
> Spermatides (early & late) (1N) (meiosis II)
> [Spermiogenesis] > Spermatozoa (1N)

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25
Q

Which cells provide nourishment to spermatozoa?

A

Sertoli cell

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26
Q

Name different parts of a mature spermatozoon

A 
Head  -   [Head]
Neck  -
Middle piece   >
Principle piece    > [Tail]
End piece    >
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27
Q

Describe Spermatozoon structure

A

Head - nucleus (Haploid) / acrosome
Middle section - long central filament/ many mitochondria
Tail - long central filament/ motile

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28
Q

Draw and name the male urinogenital system

A

scrotum/ epididymis/ vans deferous (ductus deferous)/ Cowman’s glands/seminal vesicle/prostate gland/ penis/ testis

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29
Q

Draw and name the female urinogenital system

A

Fallopian tube/ board ligament/ vagina/ vulva/ uterine corpus / uterine cervix / ovary / uterus

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30
Q

Function of Uterine cervix

A

Selective protective barrier

31
Q

Function of uterus

A

implantation & gestation

32
Q

Which part of the female urinogenital system responsible for hormone product ? What other role it is responsible for?

A

Ovary, ovum production

33
Q

Function of fallopian tube

A

transport and fertilisation

34
Q

Name different regions of the fallopian tube

A

Fimbria/ infundibulum / Ampulla/ Isthmus/ Interstitial part

35
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The production of ova

36
Q

Describe the development of oogenesis

A

~ The germinal epithelium outside the ovaries contain primordial germ cells, OOGONIA, in utero.
~ Some of the oogonia move deep into the ovary and develop into primary oocytes
~ Primary oocytes surrounded by follicle cells to become the primordial follicles ( ~400,000) but there’s no further development before puberty
~ (the 1st stage of meiosis is halted)

37
Q

What is the 2nd step of spermatogensis?

Diploid / Haploid?

A

Type B spermatogonia (Diploid)

38
Q

What is primary oocytes?

A

The primordial germ cells (oogonia) moved into the ovary

39
Q

what is oogonia ? What will it developed to?

A

The primordial germ cells produced by the germinal cells on the ovary.
They move deep into ovary and become primary oocytes

40
Q

What is primordial follicle?

What stage is it at?

A 
A primary oocyte surrounded by follicle cells.
Before puberty  (1st stage of meiosis is halted)
41
Q

Describe stages of oogenesis

A

Before Birth -
Oogonium (2N) > (mitosis) > many oogonia (2N) > primary oocyte (2N) (1st stage of meiosis I suspended)
After Birth -
(Re-start meiosis I) Secondary oocyte (1N) (and first polar body (1N)) > Ovulation of secondary oocyte > * If fertilisation occur, with sperm, meiosis II of secondary oocyte completed and develop into ovum and second polar body
* Meiosis II of first polar body may or may not occur

42
Q

What happen to the polar bodies?

A

They will degenerate

43
Q

Describe menstrual cycle

A

Multiple primordial follicles are recruited during the menstrual cycle. BUT only one reach maturity by developing and expanding into primary follicles and then into secondary follicles

44
Q

What is the follicle called with meiosis I is completed and ready to go into meiosis II?

A

Graafian follicle

45
Q

When is meiosis I completed?

What does it form?

A

Just before ovulation, matured primary oocyte are completed meiosis I and divided into 2 haploid: first polar body and secondary oocyte

46
Q

What happen in ovulation?

A

The ovum (secondary oocyte surrounded by several layer of cells) is being released from the ovarian surface

47
Q

Second meiotic division of the second oocyte doesn’t take place unless….

A

The ovum is penetrated by a spermatozoon

48
Q

What is a corpus luteum ?

A

Structure formed by ruptured follicles filled with blood after the ovulation

49
Q

The corpus luteum breaks down and formed _______

A

corpus albicans

50
Q

The endocrine regulation of the ovaries, uterus, testes are affected by __________

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

51
Q

How does the hypothalamus gland regulate the male gonad?

A

produce gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) > act on the anterior pituitary gland > cause the production and releasing of Luteinising hormone (LH), follicles- stimulating hormone (FSH) and prolactin

52
Q

How does Luteinising Hormone affect male gonad?

A

It stimulates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone

53
Q

How does follicle- stimulating hormone affect male gonad?

A

It makes sertoli cells respond to the testosterone

54
Q

How does prolactin affect male gonad?

A

Stimulates the Leydig cells and add the effects of LH. It also increase the uptake of testosterone by prostate (needed to maintain prostatic secretion)

55
Q

How does the hypothalamus gland regulate the female gonad?

A

produce gonadotropin releasing hormone > act on the anterior pituitary gland > to produce and release the Luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH)

56
Q

How does follicle- stimulating hormone affect female gonad?

A

Stimulate the maturation of the primordial follicles so they can produce oestrogen

57
Q

How does oestrogen affect female gonad?

A

When oestrogen level peaks, it feedback and stimulate a surge of Luteinising hormone secretion.

58
Q

How does Luteinising hormone affect female gonad?

A

Stimulate the follicle cells to synthesis progesterone > follicle ruptures and the ovum is released (viable for 12- 24 hrs)

59
Q

Corpus luteum produces ______ & _________ (Hormones)

A

Oestrogen & posgesterone

60
Q

Describe the passage of spermatozoon from testis to oviduct

A

Spermatozoa is released from epididymus
> Chemical changes activates sperm to become motile
> Muscular activity in tube walls move them into vas deferens
> Seminal fluid is added to form semen
> Alkaline seminal fluid protect sperm from the acidic environment of vagina
> Spermatozoa move to the oviduct
> Undergo capacitation in order to fertilise the ovum, which involve the loss of glycoprotein from the spermatozoa surface and changes in motility

61
Q

Describe the movement of spermatozoa in female urinogenital system

A

Vagina > cervix > uterus> oviduct

62
Q

Fertilisation enables …..

A

~ Restoration of the DIPLOID number of chromosomes reduced during meiosis
~ Transmission of genes from both parents to offspring

63
Q

When spermatozoon encounters an ovum, it must undergo which process ?

A

Acrosome reaction

64
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Spermatozoa lose their glycoprotein from the spermatozoa surfaces and change in motility, in order to fertilise with the ovum

65
Q

What is Acrosome reaction?

A

The acrosome swelling, caused by the glycoprotein on the surface of the ovum

66
Q

How does the “leaky” acrosome acts on the ovum?

A

It releases hyaluronidase and acts on the hyaluronic acid, which holds together the cell coating of the secondary oocytes

67
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

Need to break down by ?

A

It holds the cell coating of the secondary oocytes.

Hyaluronidase that released by the spermatozoa acrosome

68
Q

Describe the process when a spermatozoon encounter an ovum

A

Spermatozoon releases hyaluronidase to act on the hyaluronic acid on the coating of oocyte
> the head can penetrate the oocyte
> the tails crease to move and remains outside
> the head of spermatozoon fuse with the oocyte and produce the diploid zygote

69
Q

What happen after spermatozoon fuse with the oocyte ?

A

Zygote is produced and move along the fallopian tube to uterus
> Several additional development stages occurs during the journey, such as cleavage within the conceptus, ~ 16 cells
> Then implantation take place ~ 10 days after the ovulation and the placenta begins to form
> (Embryo is embedded until 8 weeks)

70
Q

Roles of placenta

A

~ provide nutrition
~ gas exchanges
~ waste removal
~ Endocrine and immune support for the foetus
~ Produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

71
Q

Stages of pregnancy

A

1st trimester

  • organ formation of organs and limb buds
  • sex is determined

2nd trimester

  • bony parts of skeleton begins to form (as cartilage)
  • foetal movements can be felt by the mother

3rd trimester
Circulatory and respiratory systems mature in preparation of breathing

72
Q

What happen during parturition?

A
  • During parturition, the cervix dilates to allow passage for foetus
  • Uterine contractions propel the foetus through the birth canal
73
Q

Which glands will release which hormones to be involved in parturition?

A

Oxytocin - posterior pituitary gland

Prostaglandins - uterus

74
Q

Stages of parturition

A

1st stage

  • onset of regular painful contraction
  • cervix becomes fully dilated

2nd stage
- Time between full dilation and delivery of foetus

3rd stage
- Delivery of placenta

Biology 70% (9 decks)

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