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Biology 70% > Renal System > Flashcards

Renal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Kidney

A

Urine production site

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2
Q

What is the passage of urine to bladder

A

Ureter

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3
Q

Function of bladder

A

Storing urine

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4
Q

What is the exit of urine

A

Urethra

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5
Q

Role of the renal system

A

~ Maintain the balance of water, electrolytes, acid/ base homeostasis
~ Elimination of water soluble waste products
~ Regulate the osmotic balance of plasma –> maintain other blood fluid as well
~ Regulate blood volume, composition &pH
~ Removal/ restoration of : H2O/ Potassium/ Sodium/ Chloride/ H+/ HCO3-/ Calcium/ Sulphate/ Phosphate
~ Regulate arterial blood pressure
~ Elimination of waste products of metabolism - especially nitrogen- containing molecules UREA & CREATININE
~ Elimination of foreign chemical and pollutants
~ Metabolism functions

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6
Q

What are the metabolism functions of the renal system

A

~ Synthesis Renin (an enzyme secrete into blood by kidney) > involved in control of blood pressure and fluid balance
~ Synthesis Vitamin D > (regulation of calcium in body) is converted to its active form in the body
~ Synthesis Erythropoietin > stimulate RBC production –> affects blood oxygen carrying capacity

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7
Q

Where is the kidney located?

What does it looks like?

A

Pair of bean shaped organs

located in the abdominal cavity; held firm in position, usually embedded in fat, protected with connective tissue

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8
Q

Which vessels supply blood to kidney?

A

Renal arteries, renal veins

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9
Q

How much blood does the kidney receive?

A

25% of the cardiac output

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10
Q

How many time does the body total volume of blood circulated through the kidneys IN A DAY?

A

300 times

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11
Q

Kidney has a ______ structure

A

lobar

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12
Q

Draw and name different regions of the kidney

A
  • Renal cortex
  • Renal medulla
  • Major calyx/ Minor calyx
  • Renal pelvis
  • Renal papilla
  • Renal pyramid
  • (Ureter, renal artery, renal vein)
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13
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

How many is there?

A

Nephron , 1- 2 million

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14
Q

Nephrons start in the _____ ____, travel down into _______ _____ and back up to the ______

A

Renal cortex, renal medulla , cortex

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15
Q

Each lobe of kidney consist of _______ which opens into a branch from the ______

A

a renal pyramid, ureter

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16
Q

Each nephron consists of ….

A

a renal tubule & a renal corpuscle

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17
Q

Name different regions of the renal tubule

A 
@ Proximal convoluted tubule
- Proximal straight tubule
@ Descending limb of loop of Henle
@ Thin ascending limb of loop of Henle 
@ Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle
@ Distal convoluted tubule 
@ Connecting tubule 
- Collecting duct
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18
Q

What is renal corpuscle consists of ? and its function

A

Bowman’s capsule & Glomerulus

The renal corpuscle filters plasma

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19
Q

What is Glomerular filtrate?

A

Filtrate with water and low molecular weight components removed from the plasma, filtered by the renal corpuscle

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20
Q

function of Renal tubule

A

Selectively reabsorbs water & ions from the glomerular filtrate > the end result is urine production

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21
Q

Proximal convoluted tubule and Distal convoluted tubule lined by different epithelial cells T/F

A

True

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22
Q

What cells does the bladder consist?

4 types

A

~ Lined by transitional epithelium ( urothelium) that stratified 3- 6 layers
~ Consists:
- basal cuboidal cells
- intermediate columnar cells
- surface umbrella cells (to allow for stretch)

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23
Q

Urine production is a ____ phrase process: …?

A

3; filtration > resorption & secretion > excretion

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24
Q

Describe glomerular filtration (ultrafiltration)

A
  • Blood enters the glomerular capillaries and a portion of it enters the Bowman’s space.
  • The glomerular filtrate contains water and small solutes ( sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate ions)
  • Proteins and Blood Cells are prevented from passing into the Bowman’s space
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25
Q

What is prevented from entering the Bowman’s space during the glomerular filtration? and HOW?

A

Protein - prevented by their negative charge repelling with carbohydrates
and their sizes
Blood cells - prevented by their sizes

26
Q

What is filtration fraction ?

A

The fraction of blood plasma flowing through the nephron that is actually filter across the glomerular membrane

27
Q

The filtration fraction is depends on …?

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ÷ Renal Plasma Flow (RPL)

28
Q

The usual filtration fraction is …?

A

~ 20%

29
Q

Why is renal system important?

A
  • Brain will shrink if dehydrated
  • Tissue will swell if the water level is unbalanced
  • Electrolytes level balance is important for liver
  • Blood pressure is affected by kidney
30
Q

If the body don’t have enough water, how would the water level be regulated

A

The water in the blood will filter back into blood

31
Q

What is Urea?

A

The waste product of protein metabolism. A nitrogen containing organic compound

32
Q

What is creatinine

A

A waste product generated from muscle metabolism, created by creatin from the energy production of muscles

33
Q

Describe renal corpuscle and what happen there?

A

A capsule and a rubber band ball of blood vessels. Blood is removed from vessels, plasma is filtered and send back to blood stream. The complex network gives large surface area

34
Q

Amino acid can’t pass through gap of cells at the renal corpuscle T/F

A

False

It can as it is small enough, but big size protein can’t

35
Q

Why is the bladder lined by __________?

A

Transitional Epithelium

Because urine can be very concentrated, it would inflame the tissue if it’s lined by simple epithelium

36
Q

Glomerular filtration rate is normally …ml/ min
urine production is …ml/ min
How much urine is produced per day

A

~ 125 ml/ min
~ 1 ml/ min
under 1.5 L per day

37
Q

What are involved in renal of resorption and their %

A 
glucose - 100%
sodium - 99%
Water - 99%
Calcium - 96%
Potassium - 94%
Urea - 42%
38
Q

If the urine glucose level is high, it may be …

A

Diabetes, pregnancy

39
Q

If the urine protein level is high, it may be …

A

High blood pressure

40
Q

Resorption begins in which region?

A

proximal convoluted tubule

41
Q

epithelial cells of nephron wall absorbed small proportion of the filtrate T/F

A

False

It re- absorbs large proportion of filtrate (~2/3)

42
Q

What filtrate content will be re-absorbed?

A

glucose, water, bicarbonate, 2/3 of the sodium, amino acids

43
Q

Resorption is passive transport because of osmosis T/F

A

False.

It is a active transport as it is against a concentration gradient

44
Q

The resorption is helped by _______ ________ on the epithelial cells

A

numerous microvilli

45
Q

Why is sodium resorption/ sodium balance important?

A
  • Na+ is the major cation in the plasma and interstitial fluid.
  • Na+ in the extracellular fluid determine the extracellular fluid volume > which determines the plasma volume and blood volume > affects the blood pressure
  • Kidney has to make sure the Na+ intake = Na+ excretion (Sodium level is balance)
46
Q

Describe how sodium been reabsorbed in the loop of Henle

A
  • Water travel down the descending limb of loop of Henle and move out the tubule by osmosis.
  • Thin ascending limb loop of Henle is permeable to Na+ & Cl - . They moved out the tubule by diffusion down a concentration gradient
  • Thick ascending limb loop of Henle is impermeable to Na+ & Cl- . The solute have to move out by active transport.
47
Q

The filtrate at the thin descending loop of Henle is hypotonic to the blood. Filtrate(water, Na+ & Cl-) moves into tubule by active transport as the membrane is permeable T/F

A

False
The filtrate is hypotonic to blood
Only WATER moves out to the blood by OSMOSIS
The membrane is permeable to water, but impermeable to the solutes.

48
Q

The filtrate at the thin ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to Na+ & Cl-. Hence they have to move out by active transport T/F

A

False

The membrane is permeable to Na+ & Cl-. They moved out by DIFFUSION down a concentration gradient

49
Q

The filtrate at the thick ascending loop of Henle is hypertonic to the blood. Filtrate(water, Na+ & Cl-) moves into tubule by active transport as the membrane is impermeable T/F

A

False
The filtrate at the thick ascending LoH is very hypotonic.
Only Solute move out of the tubule by active transport because the membrane is IMPERMEABLE to WATER

50
Q

Net result of Na+ resorption at the loop of Henle?

A

~ 25%

remaining 8% reabsorbed at the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

51
Q

The amount of extracellular fluid and sodium in the body is reflected on ……..

A

the volume of urine

52
Q

which endocrine glands and which hormone involve in the regulation of fluid balance within the body? How?

A

~ Adrenal gland > secrete aldosterone > less water excreted in the urine
~ Pituitary gland - posterior pituitary gland > secrete anti- diuretic hormone (ADH) > distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct become more permeable to water > more water reabsorbed

53
Q

How does reducing the urine production balance the Na+ level?

A

~ High Na+ level detected by the brain
~ Pituitary gland send out the anti diuretic hormone via blood to kidney
~ Kidney reabsorbed more water into the blood stream to dilute the Na+ concentration
~ Lower Na+ lv and back to normal
~ As result, less urine is produced.

54
Q

Secretion of H+ is important in …..

A

Controlling the blood pH

55
Q

H+ and K+ are secreted into the blood OR tubule fluid?

At which region ?

A

secreted into the fluid

within the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct

56
Q

What is tubule secretion?

A

Molecule been removed from blood and transferred into the tubule fluid WITHIN the tubules

57
Q

What is kidney stone?

A

~ A crystal aggregation formed within the kidney from the dietary mineral in the urine.
~ It is formed when the urine volume has decreased or there’s an excessive amount of dietary mineral in the urine
~ Symptoms include flank pain and blood in urine

58
Q

Role of liver in detoxification

A

~ To covert ammonia (NH3), the waste of amino acids metabolism, into urea (H2NCONH2) which then can be excreted in urine
~ Directly enzymatic neutralisation of toxin
~ Modification of toxins to form activated intermediates (products of conversion), which then can be neutralised by additional enzyme system. E.g. alcohol metabolism

59
Q

What is deamination?

A

Removing an amino group from a molecule

60
Q

Dietary amino acids can be converted to _______ or ________, by ….

A

convert to fat storage / convert to glucose by gluconeogenesis
by removing the nitrogen containing amino group (deamination)

61
Q

What is the result of dietary amino acids deamination

A

Ammonia (NH3), which is highly toxic

62
Q

Describe alcohol metabolism

A

It’s a multistep process. Alcohol is metabolised by the liver. The metabolic rate is depended on the level of enzyme.
A small amount may remain un-metabolised and can be detected in urine or breath

Biology 70% (9 decks)

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