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Biology for the MCAT :) > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils; where gas enters the nose

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2
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

Mucous membranes and nasal hair filter air

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3
Q

Pharynx

A

Warms and humidifies the air; also separates food and air pathways

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4
Q

Larynx

A

Opening is termed the glottis and is covered by the epiglottis during swallowing

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5
Q

Trachea

A

Air from the larynx moves through here on its way to the bronchus

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6
Q

Bronchus

A

Bronchus divides into smaller branches of bronchioles

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7
Q

Alveoli

A
  • Tiny balloon like structures at the end of the bronchioles where gas exchange occurs
  • Surrounded by a network of capillaries to carry O2 and CO2
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8
Q

Attractant

A

Detergent that lowers surface tension and prevents the Alveoli from collapsing on itself

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9
Q

Pleurae

A

Membranes the surround each lung ; a closed sac against which the lungs expand

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10
Q

Interpleural Space

A

Space within sac filled with fluid to lubricate pleural surfaces

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11
Q

Diaphragm

A

Thin muscular structure that divides thoracic (chest) cavity and abdominal cavity generating negative pressure for expression

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12
Q

Inhalation

A

Active Process where the diaphragm flattens and the external intercostal muscles expand the thoracic cavity, increasing volume of interpleural space thus decreasing the intrapleural pressure

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13
Q

Negative Pressure Breathing

A

Pressure differential (lungs @ higher than 1 atm) so the lungs expand into the space dropping their pressure and drawing in air from the environment

**Remember Boyle’s Law P is inversely related to volume

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14
Q

Passive Exhalation

A

Relaxation of muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of lungs allow the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials see in inhalation
- Pressure in interpleural space is higher than pressure in lungs (1 atm) so air is pushed out

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15
Q

Active Exhalation

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles and Abdominal Muscles pull the rib cage down by opposing the External Intercostal Muscles and forcibly decreases the volume in the thoracic cavity ; speeding up the process of ventilation and pushing air out

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16
Q

Spirometer

A

Used to measure lung capacities and volume

17
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Max volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely (6-7L)

18
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Minimum volume of air in lungs when one exhales completely

19
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Difference between min and max volumes

VC =(TLC - RV)

20
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Volume of air exhaled or inhaled in a normal breath

21
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

22
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation

23
Q

Ventilation Center

A

Neurons in the medulla oblongata that fire rhythmically to cause regular contraction of respiratory muscles; contain chemo-receptors sensitive to [CO2]

24
Q

Hypercarbia

A

Abnormally elevated CO2 levels; causing the respiratory rate to increase to expel the excess CO2

25
Q

Cerebrum

A

Allows limited control of our own breathing

26
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A
  1. Gas Exchange
  2. Thermoregulation
  3. Immune Function
  4. pH Control
27
Q

Gas Exchange Function of Respiratory System

A

Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle of the heart goes into pulmonary arteries and then travels to the alveoli through capillaries. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart via the pulmonary veins

28
Q

Thermoregulation Function of Respiratory System

A

Vasodilation (capillary expand and more blood passes through causing thermal energy to dissipate)

  • Vasoconstriction (capillary contract, less blood passes through to preserve thermal energy)
29
Q

Immune Function of Respiratory System

A
  • Vibrissae (nasal hairs) can trap particulate matter and infectious particles
  • Lysozyme attacks bacteria
  • Mucus lines internal airways to trap particulate matter and larger invaders
  • Cilia propel mucus up respiratory tract to oral cavity where it can be expelled or swallowed
30
Q

Vibrissae

A

Small hairs that line the nasal cavity

31
Q

Lysozyme

A

Attack peptidoglycan walls of gram + bacteria

32
Q

Mast Cells

A

Pre-formed antibodies which can release inflammatory chemicals in surrounding area to create immune response

33
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H3CO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3 (aq)

  • Keeps the blood pH around 7.4
34
Q

Acidemia

A

Low pH (increased [H+] )

  • Shifts bicarbonate system to generate additional CO2
  • Respiratory rate increases
35
Q

Alkalemia

A

High pH (decreased [H+] )

  • Shifts bicarbonate system to the right
  • CO2 is retained
  • Respiratory rate is slowed

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