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Biology for the MCAT :) > Mitosis, Meosis & Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Mitosis, Meosis & Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Creates 2 identical diploid (2n) somatic daughter cells with 46 chromosomes
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
  • Cytokinesis
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2
Q

Prophase

A
  • Nuclear Envelope breaks / Nuclear membrane dissolves
  • Chromatin condenses
  • Centriole pair in Centrosomes separates
  • Formation of Mitotic Spindle

**Duplicated DNA (92 chromosomes)

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3
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Chromosomes lines up at the metaphase plate under guidance of spindle fibers
  • Mitotic Spindles pull on Kinetichores on the Centromere
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4
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Cell elongates because Centromeres are pushed outward
  • Microtubules from Mitotic Spindles shorten
  • Sister Chromatids separate
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5
Q

Telophase

A
  • Reverse of Prophase
  • Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Membrane reforms
  • Chromosomes decondense into Chromatin (unravel)
  • Mitotic Spindle breaks
  • Nucleoli reappear
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6
Q

Cytokinesis in Mitosis

A

Cell begins to pinch in (as Telophase begins to occur)
- Cell divides (cytoplasm and organelles) creating two identical daughter cells

*Diploid (2n) cells are created with 46 chromosomes each

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7
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA wrapped around histones

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

Condense DNA (during cell division) made from chromatin

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9
Q

Kinetichore Proteins

A

On Centromere; pinches the center where spindle fibers will attach

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10
Q

G1 Phase

A

PreSynthetic Gap:

  • Cell is metabolically active
  • Growth
  • Duplicate organelles and cytosolic components for energy and protein production
  • Begin replicating centrosomes
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11
Q

G1 / S Checkpoint

A

Restrictions Stage:

Did everything grow and duplicate properly? DNA is examined and repaired

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12
Q

S Phase

A

“Synthesis” - DNA is replicated

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13
Q

S / G2 Checkpoint

A

Is DNA ok? Correct? Is there enough organelles and cytoplasm to divide between the two daughter cells?

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14
Q

G2 Phase

A

PostSynthetic Gap:

  • Growth
  • Enzymes and proteins are synthesized
  • Centrosomes are replicated
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15
Q

M Phase

A

Mitotic Phase and Cytokinesis - nucleus divides; cytoplasm and organelles are divided into two daughter cells

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16
Q

G0 Phase

A
  • Exit from the cell cycle (non-dividing)
  • Cell goes about it job in the body and just exist

**Nerve cells stop here and remain here

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17
Q

Interphase

A

Duplication of DNA and organelles

G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase

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18
Q

Cell Cycle

A 
G1 Phase
G1 / S Checkpoint
S Phase
S / G2 Checkpoint
G2 Phase
M Phase
Cytokinesis
(G0 Phase) - Exit
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19
Q

Meiosis I

A

Reproductive Division:

  • Occurs in Gametes or Sex Cells
  • Creates two copies of everything in the cell during Interphase to create Double Diploid (2n) cells with 92 chromosomes
  • First round of division to create 2 Double Haploid (n) cells: 23 chromosomes from mother and 23 chromosomes from father in each cell = 46 chromosomes total
  • Prophase I
  • Metaphase I
  • Anaphase I
  • Telophase I
  • Cytokinesis
20
Q

Prophase I

A
  • Nuclear Envelope breaks
  • Centrosomes separate
  • Spindle fibers form
  • Chromatin Condenses into chromosomes

**Crossing over occurs here

21
Q

Chromatid

A

Single (1 parent) strand

22
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Double haploid (1 parent) but two copies of the strand

23
Q

Cohesin

A

Holds sister chromatids together

24
Q

Metaphase I

A
  • Homologs line up at metaphase plate
  • Spindle Fibers attach to kinetichores on cetromere (what holds the homologous pairs together)
  • Separate homologous pairs
25
Q

Anaphase I

A
  • Disjunction: Homologous chromosomes pulled apart (breaking kinetichores) and pushed to opposite poles of the cell
  • Sister chromatids still attached together by cohesin
  • Cell elongates
26
Q

Telophase I

A
  • Nuclear envelope reforms around sister chromatids
27
Q

Cytokinesis in Meosis I

A
  • Cell begins to pinch in (as Telophase I begins)
  • Cell divides creating 2 double haploid (n) daughter cells (23 chromosomes from mother and 23 chromosomes from father in each cell)
28
Q

Meoisis II

A

Equational Division:

  • No DNA replication between meiosis I and meiosis II; Centrosomes will replicate
  • Begins with double haploid (n) cells with 46 chromosomes
  • Results in 4 haploid (n) gamete cells with 23 chromosomes each
  • Prophase II
  • Metaphase II
  • Anaphase II
  • Telophase II
  • Cytokinesis
29
Q

Prophase II

A
  • Nuclear envelope breaks
  • Nucleoli disappear
  • Centrosomes separate
  • Centrioles migrate to opposite poles
  • Spindle Fibers form
  • Chromatin condenses
30
Q

Metaphase II

A
  • Sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate (turned by 90 degrees)
  • Spindle fibers attach to kinetichores on centromere
31
Q

Anaphase II

A
  • Cohesin breaks
  • Sister chromatids are pulled apart
  • Cell elongates
  • Centromeres divide and move to opposite poles
32
Q

Telophase II

A
  • Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Membrane reforms

- Chromatids decondense into chromatin

33
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Cell begins to pinch in (at the start of telophase)

- Cell divides into 4 hapoid (n) gamete cells with 23 chromosomes each

34
Q

Mitosis Review

A
  • Somatic Cells
  • Asexual
  • Require 1 parent
  • Identical daughter cells (no genetic advantage)
  • Fast
  • Produce 2 Diploid (2n) daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each
35
Q

Meiosis Review

A
  • Germ (sex) cells ; Gametes
  • Sexual
  • Require 2 parents
  • Brand new cells / organism is created (genetic variation)
  • Slow
  • Produce 4 Haploid (n) daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each
36
Q

Tetrad and Homologs

A

Code for the same things but are from two different parents (found in meosis)

37
Q

Spermatogenesis

A 
Primary Spermatocyte (2n) 
Undergoes Meiosis 1
Secondary spermatocyte (n)
Undergoes Meiosis II
Spermatids (n) - haploid
Mature into 4 Haploid (n) Spermatozoa

**RESULT: 4 Sperm Cells

38
Q

Oogenesis

A 
Primary Oocyte (2n) 
Undergoes Meiosis I
Secondary Oocyte (n)  + Polar Body
Undergoes Meiosis II
Ootid (n) - haploid + Polar Body
Mature into the Haploid Ova + 2-3 Polar Bodies (which will die)

RESULT: 1 Ova

39
Q

Synapsis

A

Prophase I: Homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine with each other

40
Q

Chiasma

A

Prophase I: Point of synapsis where recombination and crossing over may occur

41
Q

Interkinesis

A

Telophase I and Cytokinesis: Partial uncoiling of the chromosomes

42
Q

Centrosome

A

Contain the centrioles

43
Q

Aster

A

Anchors the centrioles to the membrane

44
Q

Disjunction

A

Anaphase I: Homologous chromosomes pulled apart (breaking kinetichores) and pushed to opposite poles of the cell

45
Q

Control of Cell Cycle

A

Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases complex which phosphorylate transcription factors to promote transcription of genes required for the next stage of the cycle

Biology for the MCAT :) (10 decks)

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