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Biology for the MCAT :) > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

First Law of Segregation (Disjunction)

- Mendel

A

The distribution of homologous pairs of chromosome to the 2 intermediate daughter cells is random with respect to paternal origin

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2
Q

Segregation

- Mendel

A

Separating of two homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

Second Law of Independent Assortment (Crossing Over)

- Mendel

A

Inheritance of one allele has no effect on the likelihood of inheriting certain alleles for other genes

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4
Q

Chiasma

A

Point of synapsis (where the chromosomes cross each other) where recombination occurs

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5
Q

X Chromosome

A

Carries a sizeable amount of genetic info; mutation in these genes cause sex linked (x-linked) disorders

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6
Q

Y Chromosome

A

Contains very little genetic info; Contains a sex determining region (SDR)

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7
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in Males

A

Stimulates the sertoli cells (nourish sperm) and triggers sperm maturation in the seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in Males

A

Causes the interstitial cell of leydig to produce testosterone and other androgens (male sex hormones) - resulting in secondary sex characteristics

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9
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  1. Spermatogonia (diploid - 2n)
  2. S Stage replicates DNA
  3. Primary Spermatocytes (diploid - 2n)
  4. Meiosis I
  5. Secondary Spermatocytes
  6. Meiosis II
  7. Spermatid (haploid - n)
  8. Maturation
  9. Spermatozoa (4 cells total)
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10
Q

Acrosome

A

Part of the sperm:

Derived from the golgi apparatus to penetrate the ovum

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11
Q

Tail and End Piece

A

Part of the sperm:

Consists of flagellum which gives the sperm its motility

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12
Q

Parts of the Sperm

A
  • Acrosome [head]
  • Plasma Membrane [head]
  • Centriole [mid piece]
  • Mitochondria (generate ATP to be used) [mid piece]
  • Axial Filament [tail piece]
  • flagellum [end piece]
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13
Q

Path of Ejaculation

A 
Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
N(othing)
Urethra
Penis
Seminal fluid
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14
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

Sperm are formed here

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15
Q

Epididymis

A

Flagella gain motility and are stored here until ejactulation

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16
Q

Vas Deferens

A

Ejaculation travels through here

17
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Ejaculation travels through here

18
Q

Urethra

A

Where two ejaculatory ducts fuse (sperm + urine)

19
Q

Penis

A

Sperm leave the body here

20
Q

Seminal Fluid

A

Mixed with sperm during ejaculation to help combat the acidic vaginal environment and prevent sperm with nutrients

21
Q

Seminal Vesicle

A

Contributes fructose to seminal fluid to nourish the sperm

22
Q

Prostate

A

Contribute alkaline properties to seminal fluid to allow sperm survival in acidic female environment

23
Q

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) Gland

A

(Pre-Cum) : Produce a clear, viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra

24
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Secreted in response to FSH resulting in development and maintenance of female reproductive system and secondary characteristics.
  • Leads to thickening of endometrial lining
  • Estrogen establishes the endometrium
25
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Secreted by the Corpus Luteum

- Protects the endometrium

26
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Rementant follicle that remains after ovulation in response to LH

27
Q

Path of Egg Through the Female Reproductive System

A
  1. Egg in Ovaries
  2. Egg ovulated through peritoneal sac (1 per month)
  3. Egg drawn into fallopian tube or oviduct cilia propel the egg forward
  4. From Fallopian tube into uterus - will remain here if it is a zygote
  5. Lower end of uterus (cervix) connects to the vaginal canal
  6. Vaginal canal leads to the vulva (external anatomy)
28
Q

Path of Sperm Through the Female Reproductive System

A
  1. Sperm deposited in vaginal canal
  2. Moves from vaginal canal to the cervix (lower end of the uterus)
  3. Into the uterus
  4. From uterus to Fallopian tube- where it will reach the egg if woman is ovulating
29
Q

Oogenesis

A

*All oogonia are formed as a fetus (by birth al oogonia have undergone DNA replication and are primary oocytes (2n) and arrested in Prophase I

  1. Primary oocytes (diploid - 2n)
  2. Meiosis I
  3. Secondary oocyte (ovulation) - remains arrested in metaphase II unless fertilization occurs
30
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

Mix of glycoproteins that surrounds the oocyte to protect the egg and necessary for sperm cell binding

31
Q

Corona Radiata

A

Outer layer that adheres to egg during ovulation. Meiosis II is triggered when a sperm penetrates this layer with enzymes

32
Q

Menstrual Cycle Phases

A
  1. Menstruation
  2. Follicular Phase (pre-ovulatory)
  3. Ovulation
  4. Luteal Phase (post-ovulatory)
33
Q

Follicular phase

A

Menstrual flow sheds uterine lining of previous cycles

  • Low Estrogen and Progesterone (to regrow endometrial lining)
  • GnRH increases
  • FSH and LH increase to develop ovarian follicles
34
Q

Ovulation

A

Release of secondary oocyte egg through the peritoneal sac (one per month)

  • Increase LH to induce ovulation
  • Estrogen, FSH and GnRH all increase
35
Q

Luteal Phase

A

After ovulation the LH causes ruptured follicle to form the corpus luteum

  • Progesterone increases as it is secreted by the corpus luteum
  • GnRH, FSH and LH decrease to prevent ovulation of multiple eggs
  • Estrogen remains high
36
Q

Menstruation

A

No implantation of egg means the uterine lining is sloughed off

  • Progesterone and Estrogen decrease
  • GnRH is increased starting a new cycle
37
Q

Menopause

A

Ovaries are less sensitive to FSH and LH resulting in ovarian atrophy

  • Estrogen and Progesterone levels drop
  • Blood levels of FSH and LH increase with no more negative feedback
  • Endometrium atrophies
  • Menstruation stops
38
Q

Pregnancy

A

Zygote becomes a blastocyst which implants in the uterine lining which secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hcG) to maintain corpus luteum

  • Progesterone and Estrogen increase (during the second trimester the placenta will secrete these to prevent GnRH secretion)

Biology for the MCAT :) (10 decks)

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