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Biology for the MCAT :) > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Glands

A

Secrete hormones

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2
Q

Hormones

A

Signaling molecules / messengers secreted directly into the bloodstream to travel distant target tissues inducing a change in gene expression or cellular functioning

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3
Q

Peptide Hormones

A
  • Made up of amino acids (peptides and proteins)
  • Transported to the golgi apparatus for modifications that activate the hormone and are released by exocytosis to the correct location to bind to extracellular receptor
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4
Q

First Messenger

A

Peptide Hormones:
Hormone binds to receptor and triggers the second messenger (second signal)

  • IP3
  • Ca
  • cAMP
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5
Q

Signaling Cascade

A

Peptide Hormones:

Overall effect and a possibility of each step having amplification or increasing intensity of the signal

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6
Q

Steroid Hormones

A
  • Derived from cholesterol
  • Nonpolar molecules allow movement across the cell membrane - receptors are usual intracellular or intranuclear
  • Bind to DNA to alter gene transcription (alter mRNA and protein amounts)
  • Slower Effets but Last Longer
  • Carried by protein (not water soluble)
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7
Q

Amino Acid Derived Hormones

A

Derived from 1-2 amino acids with a few additional modifications (less predictable hormones)

Similar to Peptide Hormones:

  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine

Similar to Steroid Hormones:

  • T3
  • T4
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8
Q

Catecholamines

A
  • Bind to G-protein coupled receptors
  • Fast onset
  • Short lived
  • Similar to Peptides

Includes Epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine

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9
Q

Direct Hormones

A

Secreted then act directly on the target tissue

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10
Q

Tropic Hormones

A

Require and intermediary to act

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11
Q

Testosterone

A
  • Source: Testes and Adrenal Cortex
  • Steroid Hormone
  • in response to Gonadotropins LH / FSH ; develops and maintains male reproductive system and secondary male characteristics like muscle growth, voice deepening and hair growth
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12
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Source: Ovary and Placenta
  • Steroid Hormone
  • Develops and maintains female reproductive system in response to Gonadotropins and causes secondary female characteristics like hair / breast growth and fat distribution
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13
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Source : Ovary and Placenta
  • Steroid Hormone
  • Promotes maintenance of the endometrium
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14
Q

Melatonin

A
  • Source: Pineal gland located deep within the brain
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Involved in circadian rhythms and promote feelings of sleepiness
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15
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • Source: Kidney
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes (RBCs) in response to low O2 levels
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16
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A
  • Source: Heart (atrial)
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Helps regulate salt and water balance; promotes excretion of Na+ thereby increasing urine volume
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17
Q

Thymosin

A
  • Source: Thymus (behind sternum)
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Stimulate T-Cell Development and differentiation
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18
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Bridge between the nervous system and endocrine system by regulating the pituitary gland through tropic hormones and is capable of having organism wide effects

  • Regulated by a negative feedback system
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19
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Blood vessel that directly connects the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary and stimulates the release of other hormones

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20
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A
  • Triggered by Hypothalamic release of Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide / Tropic Hormone
  • Stimulates follicle maturation in females and spermatogenesis in males
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21
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A
  • Triggered by Hypothalamic release of Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide/ Tropic Hormone
  • Stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males
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22
Q

Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (GnRH)

A
  • Source: Hypothalamus

- Stimulates release of FSH and LH

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23
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

A
  • Triggered by Hypothalamic release of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRF)
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide / Tropic Hormone
  • Stimulate the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids
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24
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A
  • Triggered by Hypothalamic release of Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide /Tropic Hormone
  • Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid products (hormones)
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25
Q

Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRF)

A
  • Source: Hypothalamus

- Triggers release of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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26
Q

Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)

A
  • Source: Hypothalamus

- Triggers release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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27
Q

Prolactin

A
  • Triggered by Hypothalamic release of Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) or Dopamine
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide / Direct Hormone
  • Stimulates milk production in the mammary glands; Removal of Estrogen and Progesterone result in lactation
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28
Q

Endorphins

A
  • Source: Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide / Direct Hormone
  • Decrease pain perception / sensation and can promote Euphoria
29
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A
  • Triggered by Hypothalamic release of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Source : Anterior Pituitary
  • Peptide /Direct Hormone
  • Stimulates bone / muscle growth; Prevents glucose re-uptake and stimulates breakdown of fatty acids increasing overall glucose level
30
Q

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

A
  • Source: Hypothalamus

- Triggers release of Growth Hormone (GH)

31
Q

Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF)

A
  • Source: Hypothalamus

- Triggers release of Prolactin

32
Q

Gigantism

A

Excess of Growth Hormone (GH) released before closure of epiphyseal plates

33
Q

Dwarfism

A

Deficit of Growth Hormone (GH)

34
Q

Acromegaly

A

Excess Growth Hormone in adults; enlarging smaller bones like those found in the hands, feet and head

35
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Neurons are connected from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary (“Master Gland”)

36
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) or Vasopressin

A
  • Source: Hypothalamus
  • Released by : Posterior Pituitary
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing permeability of collecting duct to water
  • Greater reabsorption from filtrate and greater retention of water increase blood volume and pressure
37
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • Source Hypothalamus
  • Released by : Posterior Pituitary
  • Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and smooth muscle contractions in breast to promote lactation
  • Involved in bonding behavior
38
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

Identified by the theme of “spiraling forward” and have a definitive end point

Ex: Contractions - oxytocin promotes stronger contractions and more of them ending in birth

39
Q

Thyroid

A

Controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone which sets basal metabolic rate and calcium homeostasis

40
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Tyrosine with three iodine

  • Source: Thyroid Follicular Cells
  • Amino Acid Derivative Hormone
  • Stimulate metabolic activity
41
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

Tyrosine with four iodine

  • Source: Thyroid Follicular Cells
  • Amino Acid Derivative Hormone
  • Stimulate metabolic activity
42
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • Source: Thyroid parafollicular cells (C-cells)
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Decrease blood [Ca2+]; Ca2+ is excreted from kidneys and increase Ca2+ storage in bones
43
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • Source: Parathyroids
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Increase blood [Ca2+] and [Phosphate] by reducing reabsorption in kidneys and reabsorbing them from bone
  • Activates Vitamin D needed for absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate in the gut
44
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Deficiency of iodine or inflammation of thyroid in which thyroid hormones are insufficient or not secreted at all

45
Q

Cretinism

A

Deficiency of thyroid hormone at birth (mental retardation and delay)

46
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excess of thyroid hormone

47
Q

Parathyroid

A

4 small pea sized structures that sit on the posterior surface of the thyroid

48
Q

Calcium

A
  • Important in bone strength
  • Regulates muscle contraction
  • Cofactor allowing for clotting of blood
  • Role in cell movement, exocytosis and neurotransmitter release
49
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol + Cortisone

  • Source: Adrenal Cortex
  • CorticoSteroid Hormone
  • Increase [blood glucose] through gluconeogenesis
  • Decrease protein synthesis; anti-inflammatory
  • Decrease immunological Responses
50
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

  • Source: Adrenal Cortex
  • CorticoSteroid Hormone
  • Increase water reabsorption in kidneys by increasing Na+ reabsorption
  • Promote K+ and H+ ion excretion
51
Q

Cortical Sex Hormones

A
  • Source: Adrenal Cortex
  • CorticoSteroid Hormone
  • Aids in producing androgens and estrogen
52
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A
  • Source: Adrenal Medulla
  • Amino Acid Derivative Hormone
  • Secreted directly into circulatory system: Fight or Flight hormones in sympathetic nervous system
  • Increase blood [glucose]
  • Increase heart rate
  • Dilate Bronchi
  • Alter blood flow
53
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

On top of kidneys; consisting of Cortex and Medulla

54
Q

Cortisol

A

Stress hormone; Increases blood sugar (ready source of fuel)

55
Q

Pancrease

A

Both Exocrine and Endocrine Functions

56
Q

Islets of Langerhans

A

Small groups of hormone producing cells

  • Alpha cells
  • Beta cells
  • Delta cels
57
Q

Alpha Pancreatic Cells

A

Type of Islets of Langerhans Cells:

- Produce glucagon

58
Q

Beta Pancreatic Cells

A

Type of Islets of Langerhans Cells:

- Produce Insulin

59
Q

Delta Pancreatic Cells

A

Type of Islets of Langerhans Cells:

- Produce Somatostatin

60
Q

Glucagon

A
  • Source: Pancreas Alpha Cells
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Stimulates glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis)
  • Increases blood [glucose] and stimulates degradation of fats and proteins
  • When fasting
61
Q

Insulin

A
  • Source: Pancreas Beta Cells
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Lowers blood [glucose]
  • Increases anabolic processes like protein and fat synthesis
  • When glucose is high
62
Q

Somatostatin

A
  • Source: Pancreas Delta Cells
  • Peptide Hormone
  • Suppresses secretion of glucagon, insulin and growth hormone (GH)
  • When there is high [glucose] and [amino acid]
63
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Excess insulin characterized by low blood [glucose]

64
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Underproduction, insufficient secretion or insensitivity to insulin

65
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Excess Glucose in blood (too little insulin)

66
Q

Polyuria

A

Increase frequency of urination

67
Q

Polydipsia

A

Increased thirst

68
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancreas; producing little to no insulin as a result

69
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

A

Result of receptor-level resistance to the effects of insulin

Biology for the MCAT :) (10 decks)

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