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Biology for the MCAT :) > CardioVascular System > Flashcards

CardioVascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

Heart

A

Contains 4 chambers composed of cardiac muscle that pumps blood through the vasculature.

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2
Q

Vasculature

A

The vascular system of a part of the body and its arrangement consisting of arteries, capillaries and veins

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3
Q

Right Side of Heart

A

Pulmonary Circulation:
Accepts deoxygenated blood returning from the body and move it to the lungs by way of the pulmonary arteries to be re-oxygenated

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4
Q

Left Side of Heart

A

Systemic Circulation:

  • Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs by way of the pulmonary veins and forces it to the rest of the body through the aorta.
  • More muscular side of the heart
  • Maintains blood pressure throughout the entire body
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5
Q

Atria

A
  • Thin walled structures where blood is received from the venae cavae or pulmonary veins
  • Contract to push blood into the ventricles
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6
Q

Venae Cavae

A

Receives deoxygenated blood entering the right side of the heart

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7
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Receives oxygenated blood entering the left side of the heart

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8
Q

Ventricles

A

Contract to send blood into the lungs and into systemic circulation

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9
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

Separate the atria from the ventricles

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10
Q

Semilunar Valves (Three Leaflets)

A

Separate ventricles from the vasculature; Allow the pump to create pressure within the ventricles necessary to propel the blood forward within circulation while also preventing back-flow of blood

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11
Q

Tricuspid Valve (Three Leaflets)

A

Separate right atrium and right ventricle

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12
Q

Mitral or Bicuspid Valve (Two Leaflets)

A

Separate left atrium and left ventricle

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13
Q

Pulmonary Valve

A

Separate right ventricle form pulmonary circulation

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14
Q

Aortic Valve

A

Separates left ventricle from the aorta

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15
Q

Electrical Conduction of the Heart

A
  1. Impulse initiation occurs at the SinoAatrial (SA) Node and is then depolarized causing the 2 Atria to contract
  2. Atrial Systole (Contraction) and Atrial Kick
  3. Signal reaches the AtrioVentricular (AV) Node where it is delayed to let the ventricles fill with blood
  4. Signal travels to the Bundle of HIS and its branches embedded in the Inter Ventricular Septum (wall)
  5. Signal is pushed to the Purkinje Fibers which distributes the signal to the ventribular muscle
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16
Q

Myogenic Activity

A

Heart can contract without neural input

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17
Q

Atrial Systole

A

Contraction:

Results in an increase in atrial pressure forcing more blood into the ventricles

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18
Q

Atrial Kick

A

Additional blood volume accounting for 5-30% of cardiac output

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19
Q

AtrioVentricular (AV) Node

A

Sits at the junction of the Atria and the Ventricles

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20
Q

Pukinje Fibers

A

Distribute the electrical signal of the heart to the ventricular muscles

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21
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

How the ventricular muscles are connected; consists of gap junctions directly connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells thereby allowing for coordinated ventricular contraction

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22
Q

Systolic Contraction

A
  • Top # in B.P.
  • Higher Pressure
  • Ventricular contraction and closure of the AV valve occurs and blood is pumped out of the ventricles
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23
Q

Diastolic Contraction

A
  • Bottom # in B.P
  • Lower Pressure
  • Heart is relaxed, the semilunar valves are closed and blood from the atria fills the ventricles
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24
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Systolic Pressure (ventricular contraction)/ Diastolic Pressure (ventricular relaxation)

  • Normal is 90 / 60 to 120/80
  • Measure of the force per unit area exerted on the wall of the blood vessels
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25
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Total blood volume pumped by a ventricle per minute

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate (bpm) x Stroke Volume (blood pumped per heart beat)

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26
Q

Order of EKG Diagram:

A
  1. P wave (small bump)
  2. Q (Decreasing point)
  3. R ( Highest Peak)
  4. S (Lowest Peak)
  5. T Wave (Larger bump)
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27
Q

P Wave

A

Depolarization of atria in response to SA node

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28
Q

PR Interval

A

Delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles

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29
Q

QRS Complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles triggers main pumping contractions

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30
Q

ST Segment

A

Beginning of ventricular repolarization (should be flat)

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31
Q

T Wave

A

Ventricular Repolarization

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32
Q

Endothelial Cells

A
  • Line all blood vessels, maintain the vessel by releasing chemicals that aid in vasodilation and vasoconstriction
  • Allow WBC to pass through the vessel wall and into the tissue during inflammatory response
  • Release chemicals when damaged to form blood clots and repair vessel
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33
Q

Arteries

A

Part of Vasculature:

  • Move blood AWAY from the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body
  • Containing OXYGENATED blood

***Pulmonary and Umbilical arteries contain deoxygenated blood

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34
Q

Aorta

A
  • Largest artery in the body

- The main artery of the body, supplying oxygenated blood to the circulatory system

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35
Q

Arterioles

A

Part of Vasculature:

  • Smaller muscular arteries that are elastic; creating tremendous resistance to the flow of blood
  • Elastic recoil from walls maintains high B.P. and forces Blood Forward
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36
Q

Capillaries

A

Part of Vasculature:

  • Small vessels that RBC’s pass through single file
  • Allows easy diffusion of gases (O2, CO2), nutrients (Glucose) and wastes (Ammonia, Urea, etc…)
  • Interface for communication of circulatory system with tissues
  • Allows endocrine signals to reach target tissues
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37
Q

Bruise

A

When capillaries are damaged, blood can leave them and enter the interstitial space; In a close space this creates a bruise

38
Q

Venules

A

Part of Vasculature:
- Where the capillaries join together; Which then join to form veins

Connects Capillaries with veins

39
Q

Veins

A

Part of Vasculature:

  • Thin walled, inelastic vessels that transport blood to the heart
  • Contain DEOXYGENATED blood
  • Smaller amount of smooth muscles means there less recoil and can accommodate larger quantities of blood

***Pulmonary and Umbilical Veins contain oxygenated blood

40
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

Surrounds the veins, squeezing and contracting to force blood upward against gravity

41
Q

Blood Flow Path Through the Heart

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood enters the Right Atrium
  2. Tricuspid Valve
  3. Right Ventricle
  4. Contraction
  5. Pulmonary Valve
  6. Pulmonary Artery
  7. Lungs (blood becomes oxygenated)
  8. Pulmonary Veins
  9. Oxygenated blood enters the Left Atrium
  10. Mitral Valve
  11. Left Ventricle
  12. Contraction
  13. Aortic Valve
  14. Aorta
  15. Arteries
  16. Arterioles
  17. Capillaries (where gas and nutrient exchange occur)
  18. Venules
  19. Veins
  20. Venae Cavae

Then back to the top^

42
Q

Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

A

Blood returns from the body to the heart for portions of the body ABOVE the heart

43
Q

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

A

Blood returns from the body to the RIGHT side of the heart for the body BELOW the heart

44
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

Blood leaving the capillary beds in the walls of the gut passes through the hepatic portal vein before reaching the capillary beds in the liver

45
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Blood leaving the capillary beds in the hypothalamic travels to a capillary bed in the anterior pituitary to allow for paracrine secretion or release of hormones

46
Q

Renal Portal System

A

Blood leaving the glomerulus (Capillaries at the end of the kidney) travels through an efferent arteriole before surrounding the nephron in a capillary network called the Vasa Recta

47
Q

Composition of Blood

A
  • 55% Plasma
  • 45% Cells
  • <1% Blood
48
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood; Aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones and blood proteins

49
Q

Erthyrocytes (Red Blood Cells - RBCs)

A
  • Specialized cell designed for O2 transport
  • Biconcave (indented on both sides) to travel through capillaries and increase cell surface for gas exchange
  • Have NO nuclei, mitochondria or membrane bound organelles (cannot use the O2 it carries)
  • Rely entirely on Glycolysis for ATP
  • Unable to divide
50
Q

Leukocytes (White Blood Cells - WBCs)

A

Defenders against pathogens, foreign cells, cancer and materials not recognized as “self”

51
Q

Granulocytes

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils

  • Contain cytoplasmic granules
  • Contain toxic compounds to invading microbes
52
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

  • Specific immune response against viruses and bacteria
  • Agranular
  • Primary responders to infection
  • Long term memory bank of pathogen recognition
53
Q

B-Cells

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

  • Mature in spleen or lymph nodes
  • Responsible for antibodies
54
Q

T-Cells

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

  • Mature in thymus
  • Kill virally infected cells and activate other immune cells
55
Q

Monocytes

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

  • Agranular
  • Phagocytize foreign matter like bacteria
56
Q

Macrophage

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

When monocytes leave the blood stream and enter an organ

57
Q

Microglia

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

Macrophage in the nervous system

58
Q

Langerhan Cell

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

Macrophage in the skin

59
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Lymphocytes / White Blood Cell:

Macrophage in the bone

60
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets:

Cell fragments and shards released from cells in bone marrow; Function in blood clotting

61
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells and platelets triggered by hormones, growth factors and cytokinesis

62
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Secreted by kidney to stimulate RBC development

63
Q

Thrombopoietin

A

Secreted by the liver and kidney to stimulate platelet development

64
Q

Clots

A

Composed of coagulation factors (proteins) and platelets to minimize blood loss

65
Q

Coagulation

A
  • Coagulation factors and platelets come into contact with tissue factor (exposed collagen) initiate cascade
  • Ends with Activation of Prothrombin to form Thrombin by Thromboplastin
  • Thrombin convers Fibrinogen to Fibrin
66
Q

Fibrin

A

Net-like structure capturing RBC and platelets forming a stable clot over the area

67
Q

Scab

A

Clot that forms on a surface vessel that has been cut

68
Q

Plasmin

A

Generated from Plasminogen; Breaks down blots

69
Q

Antigen

A

Any specific target (usually a protein) to which the immune system can react; Found on the surface of RBCs

70
Q

Universal Recipient of Blood

A

AB blood type; No antigen is foreign so no adverse reaction upon transfusion

71
Q

Universal Donor of Blood

A

O blood type; Blood will not cause ABO-related hemolysis in recipient

72
Q

Rh Factor

A

Surface protein on RBC
+ = Have the allele
- = Lack the allele

73
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetalis

A

In subsequent pregnancies when mom is Rh- but the baby is Rh+ the maternal anti-Rh antibodies (made during first pregnancy) can cross the placenta and attack the fetal blood cells resulting in destruction of the fetal cells

74
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

Measure blood pressure

75
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Specialized neurons that detect changes in the mechanical forces on the wall of the vessels

76
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • A protein composed of 4 cooperative subunits; Each containing a prosthetic heme group that binds to an oxygen molecule
  • When oxygen binds to heme it induces a confrontational shift in the shape from taut to relaxed increasing hemoglobin affinity for oxygen
77
Q

Cooperative Binding

A

A form of allosteric regulation when hemoglobin binds one oxygen it increases the affinity for more oxygen

78
Q

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

A

Non-polar gas with low solubility in aqueous plasma; it can be carried by hemoglobin BUT most exists in the blood as the bicarbonate ion HCO3

79
Q

Bicarbonate Buffer System

A

CO2 (g) + H2O (l) H2CO3 (aq) H+ (aq) + HCO3- (aq)

*Links respiratory and renal systems (kidney can excrete bicarbonate)

80
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

Enzyme in RBC that catalyzes the combination reaction between CO2 and H2O to form H2CO3 (a weak acid) which is able to dissociate

81
Q

Renal Tubular Acidosis Type I

A

Kidney is unable to excrete acid efficiently leading to a build up of protons (H+) in the blood

82
Q

Metabolic Acidosis

A

Excess CO2 is formed; to compensate respiratory rate is increased to exhale more

83
Q

Carbohydrates and Amino Acids

A

Absorbed in the capillaries of the small intestine and enter systemic circulation via the hepatic portal system
- Fats are absorbed into Lacteals in the small intestine and enter systemic circulation via the thoracic duct

84
Q

Wastes

A

CO2, Urea, NH3
Travel down their [ ] gradients from the tissues to the capillaries; Eventually reaching the kidneys where they are filtered or secreted for elimination from the body

85
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Force per unit area that blood exters against the vessel walls; Generated by the contraction of the heart and the elasticity of the arteries

86
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

“Sucking” pressure generated by solutes as they attempt to draw water into the bloodstream

87
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

“Sucking” pressure attributable to plasma proteins

88
Q

Pressure at Arteriole

A

Hydrostatic Pressure (push fluid out) > Oncotic Pressure (draw fluid in) = Net Efflux of water from circulation

89
Q

Pressure at Venule

A

Oncotic Pressure (draw fluid in) > Hydrostatic Pressure (push fluid out) = Net Influx of water back into circulation

90
Q

Starling Forces

A

Balance of the opposing forces; Essential to maintaining proper fluid volumes and [solutes] insides and outside the vasculature.

91
Q

Edema

A

Accumulation of excess fluid in the interstilum (cells surrounding the blood vessels)

Biology for the MCAT :) (10 decks)

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