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Biology for the MCAT :) > Embryogenesis & Development > Flashcards

Embryogenesis & Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Fertilization

A

Penetration of the sperm through the cell membrane of an oocyte causes a cortical reaction - release of Ca2+ which depolrizes the membrane of the ovum preventing fertilization of the ovum by multiple sperms and increase metabolic rate of the new formed diploid zygote

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2
Q

Ampulla

A

Widest part of the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs

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3
Q

Dizygotic Twins

A

Fraternal twins (2 eggs with 2 different sperm)

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4
Q

Monozygotic Twins

A

Identical twins (1 zygote splits into 2)

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5
Q

Cleavage

A
  • Zygote undergoes rapid mitotic cell divisions by dividing into progressively smaller cells
  • Nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio increases
  • Surface area to volume ratio increases allowing for increased gas exchange
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6
Q

Steps of Egg Growth

A
  1. Zygote (immediately after fertilization)
  2. 2 cells
  3. 4 cells
  4. 8 cells
  5. 16 cells
  6. Morula (solid mass of cells)
  7. Blastula (hollow ball of cells)
  8. Gastrula (multiple layers of cells)
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7
Q

Blastulation

A

Moving from Morula (solid mass of cells) to Blastula (hollow ball of cells)

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8
Q

Gastrulation

A

Moving from Blastula (hollow ball of cells) to Gastrula (multiple layers of cells)

  • Generation of 3 distinct layers (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm) once the cell mass implants
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9
Q

Blastula

A

Moves into the uterus and burrous into the endometrium

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10
Q

Inner Cell Mass

A

Part of the Blastula:

Inner cells that give rise to the organism itself

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11
Q

Trophoblast

A

Part of the Blastula:

Outer cells that give rise to chorion and later to the placenta

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12
Q

Chorion

A

Extraembryonic membrane that develops into the placenta

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13
Q

Chorionic Villi

A

Fingerlike projections that penetrate the endometrium and support maternal fetal gas exchange

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14
Q

Fetus to Placenta Blood Exchange

A

Two arteries carry away deoxygenated blood and waste

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15
Q

Placenta to Fetus Blood Exchange

A

One Vein carries oxygenated blood and nutrients in

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16
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

Connects embryo to placenta

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17
Q

Yolk Sac

A

Early blood cell development; Embryo is supported by this before the placenta; later becomes the umbilical cord

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18
Q

Allantois

A

Extraembryonic membrane for early fluid exchange

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19
Q

Amnion

A

Extraembryonic membrane for amniotic fluid; shock absorber

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20
Q

Archenteron

A

Formed from gastrulation and later develops into the gut

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21
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening of the archenteron which later becomes the anus

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22
Q

Germ Layers

A
  • Endoderm
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Archenteron (Blastopore)
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23
Q

Endoderm

A

“Endernal Organs”
Innermost layer which gives rise to epithelial linings

  • Lining of digestive tract
  • Pancreas
  • Liver
  • Lung
  • Thyroid
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
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24
Q

Ectoderm

A

“Attract Oderm”
Outermost layer which gives rise to the integument system

  • Skin (Epidermis)
  • Eyes
  • Nervous System
  • Ears
  • Pituitary Gland
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25
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer giving rise to several different systems

  • Bone Marrow
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Kidney Tubules
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26
Q

Differentiation

A

Selective transcription of the genome

27
Q

Implantation

A

Embryo implants in uterus during blastula stage

28
Q

Neurulation

A

Germ layers develop a nervous system

29
Q

Induction

A

Part of Differentiation:

Ability of one group of cells to influence the fate of other nearby cells

30
Q

Inducers

A

Part of Differentiation:

Mediate induction - chemicals which diffuse from the organizing cells (responsive cells)

31
Q

Notochord

A

Mesodermal cells form along the axis of the organism

32
Q

Neural Folds

A

Overlying ectodermal cells slide inward from the notochord surrounding the neural groove

33
Q

Neural Tube

A

Fuse neural folds grow toward one another giving rise to the central nervous system

34
Q

Neural Crest Cells

A

At the tip of each neural fold, gives rise to peripheral nervous system

35
Q

Teratogens

A

Substances that interfere with development

  • Alcohol
  • RX Drugs
  • Viruses
  • Bacteria
  • Environmental Chemicals
  • Maternal Health
36
Q

Determination

A

Commitment of cell to having a particular function in the future

37
Q

Differentiation

A

Cell assumes structure, function and biochemistry of that cell type

38
Q

Stem Cells

A

Give rise to cells that will differentiate but have not yet done so

39
Q

Totipotent

A

Greatest potency, can differentiate into any cell type, either in the fetus or placental structures

40
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cells can differentiate to any cell type EXCEPT placental structures

41
Q

Multipotent

A

Cells can differentiate into multiple types of cells in a particular group

42
Q

Responder

A

Cell that is induced - must be competent and able to respond to signal

43
Q

Autocrine

A

Signal acts on the same cell that created the signal

44
Q

Paracrine

A

Signal acts on cells in the local area

45
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Signals feature a cell directly stimulating receptors of the adjacent cell

46
Q

Exocrine

A

Secrete hormones that travel through blood to distant target tissues

47
Q

Inducer

A

Commonly growth factors - peptides that promote differentiation and mitosis in certain tissues

48
Q

Cell Migration

A

Cell must be able to disconnect from adjacent structures and migrate to their anatomically correct location

49
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death via apoptotic signals or pre-programming

50
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death in which the cell dies as a result of injury

51
Q

Apoptotic Blebs

A
  • Self contained pieces remaining after the cell undergoes changes in morphology and divides
  • These can be digested by other cells to recycle materials
52
Q

Regeneration

A

Ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of the body

Complete - lost / damaged tissues is replaced with identical tissues

Incomplete - Newly formed tissue is NOT identical in structure or function to the tissue it is replacing

53
Q

Senescence

A

Biological aging - at cellular level the cells fail to divide, telomeres (ends of chromosomes) begin to shorten

54
Q

Telomerase

A

Enzyme preventing senescence and controls cell division

55
Q

Fetal Circulation

A
  • Fetal and maternal blood do not mix
  • Diffusion moves nutrients and waste
  • Higher partial O2 in maternal blood
  • Fetal Hemoglobin (HbF) have a higher affinity for O2
56
Q

Placental Barrier

A

Serves immune protection, allows for the crossing of antibodies, gas, nutrients and waste exchange

57
Q

Shunts

A

Direct blood away from organs not in use like the lungs or the liver in the fetus

58
Q

Foramen Ovale

A

One way valve connects right and left atrium in the heart in fetuses

59
Q

Ductus Arteriosus

A

Shunts leftover blood from pulmonary artery to the aorta in fetuses

60
Q

Ductus Venosus

A

Shunts blood returning from placenta to the inferior vena cava in fetuses

61
Q

First Trimester (Fetus)

A
  • Major organs begin to develop
  • Brain is fairly developed
  • Heart begins to beat
  • Cartilaginous skeleton begins to harden
62
Q

Second Trimester

A
  • Growth
  • Movement begins
  • Appearance becomes more human; toes and finger elongate
63
Q

Third Trimester

A
  • Growth
  • Brain development
  • Antibodies transported from mother to fetus
  • Less active (less room to move)
64
Q

Steps of Birth

A
  1. Cervix thins out and amniotic sac ruptures (water-breaking)
  2. Strong uterine rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle coordinated by prostaglandins and oxytocin
  3. Birth of child
  4. Placental and umbilical cord are expelled (after-birth)

Biology for the MCAT :) (10 decks)

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