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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of respiratory system:

A 
Conducts air into & out of lungs
Exchanges gases between air & blood
Humidifies air
Warms air
Filters air
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2
Q

Alveoli:

A

Saclike structures surrounded by capillaries
site of exchange of oxygen and CO2
300 million in lung
Provides surface area where diffusion takes place

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3
Q

What are the two cell membranes that aid diffusion?

A

membrane of alveolar cells

membrane of cells of capillary wall

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4
Q

Visceral (pulmonary) pleura

A

outer surface of lungs

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5
Q

Parietal pleura

A

inner surface of thoracic cavity & diaphragm

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6
Q

Pleural fluid

A

lubricating fluid between 2 membranes

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7
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

pressure in pleural cavity between 2 membranes; less than atmospheric pressure

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8
Q

Increase in volume of intrathoracic cavity

A

Increases lung volume
Decreases intrapulmonic pressure
Causes air to rush into lungs (inspiration)

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9
Q

Decrease in volume of intrathoracic cavity

A

Decreases lung volume
Increases intrapulmonic pressure
Causes air to rush out of lungs (expiration)

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10
Q

What do inspiratory muscles do?

A

increase intrathoracic cavity volume

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11
Q

Muscles that elevate ribs

A

external intercostals, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

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12
Q

Diaphragm

A

Flattens as it contracts
Puts in motion pressure changes that cause inspiration
Contraction moves abdominal contents forward & downward

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13
Q

Expiration:

A

No muscular effort needed at rest

Passive recoil of diaphragm & other muscles decreases intrathoracic cavity volume

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14
Q

What muscles work during forced expiration to pull ribs downward?

A

Internal intercostals
Rectus abdominis
Internal oblique muscles of abdominal wall

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15
Q

Airflow equation

A

Airflow = P1 − P2/Resistance

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16
Q

What is P1-P2?

A

pressure difference between 2 areas

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17
Q

What can increase airflow?

A

Amplifying pressure difference between 2 areas

Decreasing resistance to airflow

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18
Q

What is biggest factor affecting airflow at rest?

A

Diameter of airway

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19
Q

What decreases resistance to airflow in exercise?

A

bronchodilation

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20
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air moved per breath

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21
Q

Pulmonary ventilation

A

anatomical dead space + alveolar ventilation

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22
Q

Volume of air moved per minute

A

VE = VT × f

23
Q

Residual volume:

A

air left in lungs after max. exhalation

24
Q

What are factors promoting diffusion?

A

Large surface area of alveoli
Thinness of respiratory membrane
Pressure differences of oxygen & carbon dioxide between air in alveoli & blood
Partial pressure

25
Q

Partial pressure

A

portion of pressure due to a particular gas in a mixture of gases

26
Q

PO2 at sea level

A

159.1 mm Hg

27
Q

PO2 in alveoli

28
Q

PO2 in arterial blood entering lungs

29
Q

PO2 in blood leaving lungs

30
Q

PO2 in tissues

31
Q

What provides the driving force for diffusion of oxygen?

A

differences between PO2 in alveoli & blood (65 mm Hg) and between blood & tissue (60 mm Hg)

32
Q

PCO2 in atmospheric air

33
Q

PCO2 in alveoli

34
Q

PCO2 in arterial blood entering lungs

35
Q

PCO2 in blood leaving lungs

36
Q

PCO2 in tissues

37
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

oxygen bound to hemoglobin

38
Q

Deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin not bound to oxygen

39
Q

How does an increase in temperature affect oxyhemoglobin disassociation?

A

Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

40
Q

How to pH effect oxyhemoglobin disassociation?

A

increase in acidity: decreases affinity

decrease in acidity: increase in affinity

41
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in body?

A

7% to 10% is dissolved in plasma
20% is bound to hemoglobin
70% is transported as bicarbonate

42
Q

Oxygen capacity for females

A

14*1.34=18.8 volume %

43
Q

Oxygen capacity for males

A

16*1.34=21.4Volume %

44
Q

Repiratory control center

A

Portion of medulla oblongata & pons

Serves as pacemaker, generating a rhythmical breathing pattern

45
Q

te & depth of breathing can be modified by

A

Higher brain centers
Chemoreceptors in medulla
Other peripheral inputs

46
Q

Central Chemoreceptors

A

Located in medulla, separate from respiratory control center

Respond to changes within CSF, esp. in H+ concentration or

47
Q

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

A

Located in carotid arteries & aortic arch

Respond to changes in blood PCO2 & H+ concentration

48
Q

Other Neural Input

A

Stretch receptors in lungs & respiratory muscles

Proprioceptors & chemoreceptors in skeletal muscle & joints

49
Q

Ventilatory equivalent of oxygen

A

ratio of pulmonary ventilation (VE) to oxygen (VO2): VE/VO2

50
Q

Ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide

A

ratio of pulmonary ventilation (VE) to carbon dioxide (VCO2): VE/VCO2

51
Q

Light-intensity:

A

less than VT

52
Q

Moderate-intensity

A

between VT and RCP

53
Q

High-intensity

Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

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