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Exercise Physiology > Muscule Physiology > Flashcards

Muscule Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Tendons

A

bands of tough, fibrous CT that connect muscle to bone

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2
Q

Fasciculus:

A

small bundle of muscle fibers

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3
Q

Muscle fiber

A

long, multinucleated cell that generates force when stimulated

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4
Q

Myofibril

A

portion of muscle composed of thin & thick myofilaments (actin & myosin)

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5
Q

Actin & myosin

A

contractile proteins in muscle

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6
Q

Role of connective tissue:

A

Stabilizes & supports components of skeletal muscle

Surrounds muscle at each organizational level

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissue in muscle?

A

Epimysium:
Perimysium
Endomysium

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8
Q

Epimysium:

A

covers whole muscle

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9
Q

Perimysium

A

covers bundles of muscle fibers (fasciculi)

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10
Q

Endomysium

A

covers individual muscle fibers

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11
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A

Sheaths coalesce to form tendons at each end of muscle
Force generated by muscle is transferred to tendon & bone
Epimysium helps prevent spread of signal for muscle activation

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12
Q

Elastic component of CT contributes to

A

Force & power production (like recoil of rubber band)

Stretch-shortening cycle

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13
Q

Eccentric action

A

elongation

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14
Q

Concentric action

A

shortening

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15
Q

Sarcomere

A

Basic skeletal muscle unit
Capable of force production & shortening
Arrangement of protein filaments gives striated appearance

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16
Q

Components of sarcomere

A 
Z lines
H zone
I bands
A band
M line
17
Q

Z line

A

at each end of sarcomere

18
Q

H zone

A

in middle of sarcomere, contains myosin

19
Q

I bands

A

at edges of sarcomere, contain actin

20
Q

A band

A

overlapping actin & myosin

21
Q

M line

A

middle of H zone, holds myosin in place

22
Q

What happens as the sarcomere shortens:

A

Actin filaments slide over myosin
H zone disappears as actin filaments slide into it
I bands shorten as actin & myosin slide over each other
Z lines approach ends of myosin filaments

23
Q

What happens as sarcomere relaxes:

A

It returns to original length
H zone & I bands return to original size & appearance
Less overlap between actin & myosin

24
Q

What makes up myosin filament?

A

Has globular head, hinged pivot point, & fibrous tail

25
Q

Head of myosin filament?

A

made up of enzyme myosin ATPase

26
Q

Tails of myosin filament?

A

intertwine to form myosin filament

27
Q

What is the crossbridge of myosin made up of?

A

Consists of 2 myosin molecules, with 2 heads

28
Q

Action of crossbridge:

A

Interacts with actin
Develops force to pull actin over myosin
Features different isoforms of ATPase

29
Q

Type I (slow-twitch)

A 
Slow to reach peak force production
Low peak force
High capacity for oxidative metabolism
Fatigue-resistant
Endurance performance
30
Q

Type II (fast-twitch)

A 
Rapidly develop force
High peak force
Low capacity for oxidative metabolism
Fatigue easily
Sprint, short-term performance
31
Q

What is the increase in delivery of oxygen to muscle caused by?

A

Increase in # of capillaries per muscle fiber
Increase in capillary density
Increase in concentration of myoglobin, which increases rate of oxygen transport from capillaries to mitochondria

32
Q

What is the enhanced ability for aerobic metabolism caused by?

A

Increase in size & number of mitochondria in muscle

Increase in ability to produce ATP

33
Q

What are the effects of resistance training?

A

hypertrophy

hyperplasia

34
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in size of muscle fibers
Results from addition of protein & new myofibrils to existing fibers, making them larger
Requires addition of myonuclei to support increase in muscle fiber size

35
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in number of muscle fibers

Occurrence is controversial

Exercise Physiology (6 decks)

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