Energy Sources

Question 1

Energy

Answer 1

Capacity to do the work

Question 2

kCalorie

Answer 2

Heat necessary to raise the

Temperature of 1 kg of water 1 deg C (if it is just calorie= 1 g of water 1 deg C)

Question 3

Work

Answer 3

force x distance

Question 4

What is energy needed for?

Answer 4

1. Mechanical Movements
2. Protein synthesis
3. Storage of fuels

Question 5

Carbohydrate

Answer 5

4kcal/gram

60%of calories

Question 6

Fat

Answer 6

9kcal/gram

20% of calories

Question 7

Protein

Answer 7

4kcal/gram

10-15% of calories

Question 8

Six Categories of Nutrients

Answer 8

Carbohydrates, lipids,

Proteins, vitamins, mineral, and water

Question 9

Forms of energy

Answer 9

Chemical
Electrical (signals)
Heat (muscle contraction)
Mechanical (body moves)

Question 10

Forms of carbohydrates:

Answer 10

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides:

Question 11

Polysaccharides:

Answer 11

starch, cellulose, glycogen

Question 12

Disaccharides

Answer 12

maltose, sucrose

Question 13

Monosaccharides

Answer 13

glucose and fructose

Question 14

Glycogenesis

Answer 14

formation of glycogen from glucose

Question 15

Glycogenolysis

Answer 15

breaking down of glycogen into glucose

Question 16

2 fats important for metabolism

Answer 16

fatty acid

triglyceride

Question 17

Role of Lipid in the body

Answer 17

Energy source and reserve
Protection of vital organs
Thermal insulation
Vitamin carrier

Question 18

Essential amino acids (9)

Answer 18

Must be ingested in food; cannot be synthesized

Question 19

Nonessential amino acids

Answer 19

Can be synthesized by body

Question 20

Catabolic reaction

Answer 20

breaking down of substrate into molecules

Question 21

Anabolic reaction

Answer 21

forming of product from molecules

Question 22

Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 22

Oxygen required

Generates energy, CO2, & water

Question 23

When is aerobic metabolism used?

Answer 23

Most commonly involves carbohydrate & fat (60/40)

Used at rest & during long-duration, lower intensity activity

Question 24

Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 24

No oxygen required

Generates energy, CO2, & lactic acid

Question 25

When in anaerobic metabolism used?

Answer 25

Major energy source during high-intensity, short-duration activity Examples: sprinting & weight lifting

Question 26

Energy source of anaerobic metabolism?

Answer 26

carbs

Question 27

ATP-PC System

Answer 27

Energy source for activities requiring much energy per second Examples: sprinting, lifting a heavy weight Can only provide energy for short time Only small amount of ATP in cells; must be replenished quickly

Question 28

Blood glucose in liver:

Answer 28

100 grams

Question 29

Blood glucose in muscle:

Answer 29

350 grams

Question 30

Rate limiting enzyme in break down of glycogen?

Answer 30

PFK (glucose to pyruvic acid) | LDH (pyruvic acid to lactic acid)

Question 31

Where does anaerobic glycolysis take place?

Answer 31

cytoplasm

Question 32

Where does aerobic metabolism take place?

Answer 32

mitochondria

Question 33

Where are enzymes located?

Answer 33

cristae (inward folds and convolutions)

Question 34

What is pyruvic acid broken down into?

Answer 34

2 carbon acetyl group. (Acetyl Co-A)

Question 35

What does the Krebs's cycle do?

Answer 35

removal of H atoms

Question 36

How many ATP are produced in the Krebs's cycle?

Answer 36

36

Question 37

Break down of lipids:

Answer 37

beta oxidation

Question 38

What part of the lipid is used in glycolysis?

Answer 38

glycerol

Question 39

Break down of protein?

Answer 39

deamination

Question 40

Fastest system?

Answer 40

ATP-PC system

Question 41

Slowest system?

Answer 41

aerobic

Question 42

Power for ATP-PC system?

Answer 42

3.6

Question 43

Power for anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 43

1.6

Question 44

Power for aerobic?

Answer 44

1.0

Question 45

Lactic acid during rest?

Answer 45

500mg (10mg/dl of blood)

Question 46

Resting metabolic rate

Answer 46

3.5ml of O2/kg/min

Question 47

1 liter of oxygen consumption produces :

Answer 47

5 Kcal of energy

Question 48

RQ for glucose/carbs

Answer 48

1

Question 49

RQ for fat

Answer 49

0.7

Question 50

RQ for protein

Answer 50

0.8

Question 51

RQ is

Answer 51

V carbon dioxide/V of oxygen

Question 52

Work and oxygen

Answer 52

1kgm=1.8 ml of oxygen

Question 53

Oxygen debt

Answer 53

oxygen taken in above resting values after exercise

Question 54

Steady-state:

Answer 54

all energy needed is provided by aerobic metabolism; constant level of work (debt not felt)

Question 55

Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA):

Answer 55

exercise intensity at which a specific blood lactic acid concentration occurs

Question 56

Lactate threshold in untrained:

Answer 56

occurs at 50% to 60% of max oxygen consumption

Question 57

Lactate threshold in trained:

Answer 57

65% to 80% of max oxygen consumption

Question 58

What is hitting the wall and what does it trigger?

Answer 58

Depletion of glycogen stores | increase in fat metabolism

Question 59

At rest, what is ATP derived from?

Answer 59

33% of ATP is derived from carbs & 66% from fat

Question 60

What is the body's lactic acid tolerance?

Answer 60

60-70g

Question 61

How much lactic acid does glucose break down into?

Answer 61

180 g

Question 62

Max VO2

Answer 62

as the maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed.

Question 63

MET

Answer 63

A minimum level of energy required to sustain the body’s vital functions in the resting state

Question 64

Determinants of oxygen uptake

Answer 64

``` Pulmonary ventilation Diffusion of oxygen Cardiac performance Skeletal vascular bed Extraction of oxygen by contracting skeletal muscle ```

Question 65

How much does VO2 max decline per decade after the age of 25?

Answer 65

9%