Body Composition Flashcards
Fat mass (FM):
total mass of all fat in body
Fat-free mass (FFM):
total mass of all non-fat tissues in body
Percent body fat (% fat):
ratio of TBM to total FM
Overweight: BMI
25.0 to 29.9
Obese: BMI
≥30
Diseases Associated With Obesity
Cardiovascular disease & atherosclerosis Hypertension Negative effects on blood lipid profile Type 2 diabetes Sleep apnea Osteoarthritis Complication in pregnancy & surgery Cancer (uterine, kidney, colorectal, esophageal) Gallbladder disease
Causes of Obesity
Ingesting more calories than are expended (overeating)
Genetics (inability to produce leptin)
Alterations in appetite control
Physical inactivity
Cultural factors of obesity:
Abundance of high-calorie, high-fat food readily available
Large portion sizes
Any correlation between body composition & physical performance task depends on
Measure of body composition
Physical performance task examined
Anthropometry
measurement & study of body size
Body size refers to
Total body mass Height or stature Body circumferences Bone breadths Limb lengths
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Ratio of body mass divided by height
What is BMI used as a general indicator of:
Obesity
Severe underweight status
% fat
Underweight BMI:
less than 18.5
Normal BMI
18.5-24.5
Overweight BMI
25-29.9
Obesity class I
30-34.9
Obesity class II
35.0-39.9
Obesity class III
greater than 40
Energy Balance
Ratio of caloric ingestion to caloric expenditure
If caloric expenditure is greater than caloric ingestion=
loss in body mass
If caloric expenditure is less then caloric ingestion=
gain in body mass
What does total caloric expenditure equal?
resting metabolic rate (RMR) + caloric expenditure of physical activity
Dieting and Weight Loss Guidelines
Drink sufficient water Make sensible fat choices Minimize empty calories Do not reduce calories too drastically Keep portions small
Female Athlete Triad
Syndrome consisting of 3 interrelated conditions affecting female athletes & active women
What composes the female athlete triad:
Menstrual cycle irregularities
Osteoporosis
Eating disorders: anorexia nervosa & bulimia nervosa
Work=
force × distance
Unit of measurement for work
joule (J)
1 Newton (N) of force over 1 meter
Kilopond (Kp)
Kilogram-meter (kgm
Power
rate at which work is performed
force × distance/time (velocity)
Units of measurement for power:
watts (W)
1 W = 1 J/s
Min. VO2max needed for living
13 mL·kg·min-1
Continuous
intensity is increased in stages with no breaks
Discontinuous
intensity is increased in stages with breaks
Types of protocols in order of decreasing VO2max:
Graded running test
Running test at 0% grade
Walking test
Balke test
initial low workload w. gradual increase
Bruce protocol
speed & grade are changed every 3 min
HR has general linear relationship to
Mechanical power output
Workload
Exercise intensity
Test Termination Criteria
Angina or chest pain indicating myocardial ischemia
Abnormal blood pressure response
Abnormal ECG response
Discomfort or pain in extremities indicating intermittent claudication
Dyspnea, or difficulty in breathing
Dizziness or syncope
20-meter shuttle run test
Run back & forth btw 2 lines 20 m apart at increasing velocities until volitional fatigue
Cause of excessive rate of lactate release
Greater reliance on carbohydrate instead of lipid metabolism
Recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers
Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
Wingate test
30-second sprint test on cycle ergometer
Margaria step test
running up staircase as fast as possible
Anaerobic treadmill test:
running at 20% grade & 8 mi·hr-1
Factors Affecting Anaerobic Power and Speed Tests
Motivation to perform at one’s best Skill at performing movements Degree of coordination Muscle-fiber-type composition Body composition
