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Biology II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

gas exchange

A

across body surface, gills, trachea, lungs

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2
Q

Ventilation

A

bringing O2 water or air into contact with gas exchange surface

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3
Q

Gills

A
  • specialized filamentous organs in aquatic animals

- used to obtain O2 and eliminate CO2

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4
Q

External Gills

A
  • large surface area

- may be in one body area or scattered

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5
Q

limitations of external gills

A
  • unprotected, may be damaged
  • moving gills back and forth requires energy
  • gills may attract predators
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6
Q

Internal Gills

A

-fish gills lie w/i opercular cavity in bony fish

gill arches: main support structure
filaments: branch off gill arches
lamellae: brand off filaments
blood vessels: run length of filaments
—O2 poor blood travel AFFERENT VESSEL (to gills)
—O2 rich blood travel EFFERENT VESSEL (away from gills)

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7
Q

Buccal Pumping

A
  • one mechanism of internal ventilation
  • creates hydrostatic pressure gradient
  • –lower haw lowered
  • —–enlarges buccal cavity–decrease H2O pressure in mouth (suction), H2O enters. increase H2O pressure
  • opperculum opens
  • —enlarges opp. cavity
  • —decrease H2O pressure. creates suction
  • —H2O flows into operculum cavity
  • mouth closes
  • —–buccal cavity compressed
  • —-H2O forced across gills and out open opperculum
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8
Q

Ram Ventilation

A
  • mechanism of internal ventilation
  • swimming with open mouth
  • more efficient
  • many fish use buccal and ram
  • —-tuna, just ram
  • both ram/buccal are FLOW THROUGH SYSTEMS
  • —H2O in one direction
  • —gills constantly in contact with fresh/O2 rich water
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9
Q

trachea

A

(insects)

  • spiracles (openings0 on body surface lead to trachea
  • trachea lead/branch to tracheoles: terminate near every body cell
  • small amount of fluid for gas to diffuse into
  • body muscles movements draw air in/out of trachea
  • O2 diffuses directly into body cells from air
  • very efficient
  • —supports insect flight muscles
  • —highest metabolic rate known
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10
Q

Lungs

A
  • with few exceptions, all air breathing terrestrial vertebrates use lungs
  • filled using positive and negative (humans) pressure
  • ventilated using tidal or through systems
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11
Q

Nasal Cavity

A

air is warmed, filtered, and moistened

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12
Q

nasal hairs

A

filter debris from inhaled air

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13
Q

mucousis cells

A

secret mucous trap debris

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14
Q

ciliated cells

A

generate current to move trapped debris from nasal cavity to pharynx

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15
Q

In nasal cavity, the purpose of a cough is to

A

remove material or swallow it –>digestive tract

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16
Q

Pharynx

A

conducts air “throat”
tonsils in wall
—-arregates of lymphoid tissue, protection from pathogens in inhaled air

17
Q

larynx

A

“voice box”

  • wall supported by cartilage
  • contains vocal cords: sound protection
18
Q

trachea

A

“windpipe”
-conducts, filters, moistens air
-lined with mucous cells and ciliated cells
C-shaped cartilages in wall
—-hold trachea open during ventilation
-ends of each cartilage support connected by smooth muscle

19
Q

Bronchi

A
  • conduct, filter, moisten
  • no cartilage in wall
  • replaced by ring of smooth muscle
  • Clara cells: detoxify harmful chemicals in air
20
Q

Alveoli

A

gas exchange region of lungs
-wall 1 cell thick: 2 types of cells

Type 1 Alveolar Cells/Pneumocyte
Type II Alveolar Cells/Pneumocyte

21
Q

Type I Alveolar Cells/Pneymocyte

A

flat cells, site of gas exchange

22
Q

Alveolar II Alveolar Cells/Pneumocyte

A

cuboidal, secrete surfactant that covers alveolus (decrease surface tension, prevent alveoli collapse)

23
Q

Surfactant

A

decrease surface tension. covers alveolus. prevent collapse

24
Q

Pleurae

A
  • double serous membrane enclosing each long
  • PARIETAL PLEURA: adheres to wall of thoracic cavity
  • VISCERAL PLEURA: adheres to surface of lungs
  • surface tension holds two membrane together
  • result: lungs follow movement of thoracic cavity during ventilation
25
Q

Negative Pressure Breathing

A
  • reptiles, mammals, and birds
  • volume of lungs increase which decrease air pressure in lungs
  • air flow into lungs is passive
  • ventilation in mammals:
26
Q

Inhalation

A
  • rib cage move up and out
  • diaphragm moves down with contraction
  • increase V. decrease P. airflow-passive
27
Q

Exhalation

A
  • rib cage down and in
  • diaphragm relax and domed
  • decrease V, increase P, air exit-passive
28
Q

Transport of Oxygen

A

hemoglobin (Hb)

H + O2 —-> HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)

29
Q

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A
  • y-axis is % O@ Saturation
  • x-axis partial pressure O2
  • 10mmHg ~ 75% saturation (0 rest)
30
Q

transport of CO2

A

primarily as bicarbonate ion

31
Q

CO2 + H2O —> H2CO3 —-> H+ + HCO3-

A

25% of CO2 in blood is bound to Hb

Hb binding decrease affinity of Hb for O2—more O2 released

32
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

receptors sensitive H+ ion content of blood in brain and near aorta

33
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

region of brain, has center responsible for initiating each breath

34
Q

Pons

A

region of brain, limits degree of inspiration

high H+ ion cause by increase CO2 level in blood. primary chemical signal imitating ventilation, not low O2

Biology II (6 decks)

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