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Biology II > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Body water

A
  • major percentage of animals body mass
  • solvent for chemical reactions
  • transport behicle
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2
Q

Salts

A
  • dissociate in solution to form ions

- change in [ion] in one body compartment affects H2O distribution

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3
Q

Ion Balance

A
  • after membrane potential

- disrupt cellular activities

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4
Q

Osmoregulation

A

regulation of salt and H2O balance of body fluids

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5
Q

Osmolarity

A
  • number of dissolved solutes molecules/liter

- internal fluid: osmolarity of most fish and other vertebrates around 225-400 mosm/L

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6
Q

Osmoregulators

A
  • maintain constant internal salt concentrations and osmolarities
  • drink water or excrete ions as needed
  • all terrestrial animals, freshwater animals, and many marine animals
  • requires considerable expenditure of energy
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7
Q

Osmoconformers

A
  • match osmolarity of blood and other fluids to sea water
  • most marine invertebrates and some vertebrates
  • less tendency to gain/lose water across skin/gills
  • expend less energy to compensate for water gain
  • general limited to marine environment
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8
Q

Freshwater Fish

A
  • gain wter, lose salt when ventilating gills
  • produce copious amounts of dilute urine
  • specialized gill epithelial cells transport Na+ and Cl- from water into capillaries
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9
Q

Saltwater Fish

A
  • gain water and lose water across gills
  • produce very little urine
  • drink sea water to replace water lost
  • salt actively transported out of body through gills of epithelial cells
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10
Q

Marine Reptiles and Birds

A
  • ingest seawater when consuming prey or drinking

- salt glands used to excrete excess salt.

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11
Q

Nitrogenous Wastes

A

toxic to the cells in our body

  • product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism
  • toxic at high concentrations
  • ammonia, urea, uric acid
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12
Q

Ammonia

A
  • product of protein metabolism
  • very little energy required (chief advantage)
  • extremely toxic
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13
Q

Urea

A
  • all mammals, some marine fish, some reptiles, some terrestrial invertebrates
  • less toxic than NH3
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14
Q

Uric Acid

A
  • birds, insects, and most reptiles

- water conserved by excreting semisolid partly dried precipitate.

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15
Q

Excretory Organs

A

most excretory systems use one or more of the following mechanisms to remove waste products.

  • Filtration
  • Reabsorption
  • secretion
  • excretion
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16
Q

Protonephrida

A
  • simpliest filtration mechanism in invertebrates.
  • FLATWORMS
  • series of branching tubules filter fluids (interstitial) from body cavity using ciliated cells (flame cells) capping their cells
17
Q

Describe process in Protonephrida

A
  • fluid enters flame cells
  • moves through tubule
  • most solutes reabsorbed back into extracellular fluid
  • excess water and some wastes expelled from body through openings in body
  • osmoregulation
  • nitrogenous wastes diffuse out of body
18
Q

Metanephrida

A
  • ANNELIDS
  • pairs located in each body segment
  • Tubular Network
19
Q

Tubular Network

A
  • funnel-like structure, nephrostome, collects wastes from coelomic fluid
  • ions and other solutes reabsorbed as fluid moves through tubule.
  • wastes remain in tubule and excreted from body through nephridiopores.
20
Q

Malpighan Tubules

A
  • INSECTS
  • NO FILTRATION
  • extensive system of tubes: originate in hingut and extend to hemolymph (fluid between outside of organs and body cavity)
  • ions and uric acid actively transported from hemolymph into tubules
  • osmotic gradient draws water and solutes into tubule
  • H2O and solutes reabsorbed in hindgut
  • nitrogenous wastes and other excreted in feces
21
Q

Kidneys

A
  • paired organs
  • filters the blood and forms urine
  • 25 mL blood filtered/minute
  • 0.75 L blood filtered/hour
  • total blood volum:5L
  • total blood volume is filtered aroung 20-25 times each day
22
Q

Nephron

A
  • urine forming unit
  • 1 million/kidney
  • composed of renal corpuscle and renal tubule.
23
Q

Renal Corpsucle is composed of

A

Glomerulus and Bowman’s Capsule

24
Q

Glomerulus

A

tuft of capillaries with pores in the wall
-BP forces material, GLOMERULAR FILTRATE, out of blood

  • water glucose, ions, amino acid, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes (No blood cells/proteins)
  • 180 L formed each day
  • most is reabsorbed
25
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

blind-ended pouch serving to receive glomerular filtrate

26
Q

Renal Tubule-Proximal Tubule

A

major site of tubular reabsorption

-60% of the G.F. volume and nearly all glucose, amino acids, and vitamins reabsorbed

27
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

movement of G.F. out of renal tubule back into blood.

28
Q

Loop of Henle

A

establishes anincreasing concentration gradient in the renal medulla
-facilitates reabsorption of H2O and NaCl from the G.F.

29
Q

Steps in the Loop of Henle

A
  1. filtrate leaves proximal tubule and enters the loop of henle at the same osmolarity as blood. It becomes concentrated as water diffuses out the water-permeable descending limb loop of henle.
  2. the thin segment of the ascending limb is permeable to Na+ and Cl-, but not to water. Na+ and Cl- diffuse out of the filtrate, making the filtrate more dilute
30
Q

Distal Tubule

A

primary site of tubular secretion

31
Q

Tubular Secretion

A

selective transport of substances out of blood into renal tubule
Ex: urea, drug metabolites, H+

32
Q

Collecting Duct

A
  • final adjustments to water content of GF
  • depends on stage of hydration
  • regulated by ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
33
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

increase ADH secretion-increase permeability of collecting duct to water and H2O reabsorbed. Concentrated urine produced

decrease ADH secretion-decrease permeability of collecting duct to water and H2O reabsorbed. dilute urine produced.

34
Q

ureters

A

organs that transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder

35
Q

urinary bladder

A 
storage organ.
stores urine until it is voided from the body
600 mLs (human bladder)
36
Q

urethra

A

urine out of body through urethra
much longer in males than females
females (1-1.5 inches)

Biology II (6 decks)

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