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Biology II > Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Reproductive Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

asexual reproduction

A

one parent
no fusion of gamete and combination of genetic material
produces clones (genetically identical individuals)
simple, direct, and rapid
some invertebrates and small # of vertebrates

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2
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A
  • Budding
  • Regeneration
  • Parthogenesis
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3
Q

Budding

A
  • unequal division of an organism
  • outgrowth of parent (bud) detaches and develops into a new individual
  • cnidarians
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4
Q

Regneration

A
  • growth of a complete organism from small fragments of the body
  • each fragment develops into new organism
  • some sponges, echinoderms, planaria
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5
Q

Parthogenesis

A
  • offspring (usually haploid) develop from unfertilized egg
  • sperm absent or only needed to activte devlpment
  • several invertebrate classes and few species of fish and reptiles
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6
Q

advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • individuals can reproduce asexually even if isolated from others
  • can reproduce rapidly
  • effective way of generating large numbers of offspring
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7
Q

disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

does not allow for genetic variation among offspring

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8
Q

Sexual reproduction

A
  • gametes (haploid) from 2 parents fuse during fertilization
  • genetic information combined in zygote
  • some offspring carry combination of alleles that promote survival and reproduction
  • natural selection favors those combinations that promote greater reproductive success
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9
Q

Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

A

allow for greater genetic variation due to genetic recombination

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10
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A

energetically more expensive

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11
Q

Gametes

A
  • sex cells: formed w/I the gonads
  • formed within the gonads (testes: sperm production/ovaries:egg production)
  • gametogenesis: formation of the gametes (spermanogenesis/oogenesis)
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12
Q

Spermatogenesis

A
  • occurs in testes
  • formation on a haploid sperm form a diploid germ cell
  • 4 functional sperm cells produced
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13
Q

sperm

A

head (nucleus/DNA)
midpiece (mitochondria: generate ATP)
flagellum (tail)

ATP needed to power the flagellum

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14
Q

Oogenesis

A

begins prior to birth (females)

  • ova-egg production
  • occurs in ovary
  • 1 functional egg produced
  • humans: primary oocyte is arrested in prophase I of meiosis at birth
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15
Q

Fertilization

A

haploid egg and sperm unite to form diploid zygote

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16
Q

External Fertilization

A
  • eggs and sperm are released in close proximity
  • occurs in aquatic environment (prevents gametes from drying out)
  • usually release very large #’s eggs at once
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17
Q

Internal Fertilization

A
  • sperm deposited within female reproductive tract

- protects gametes from environmental hazards and predation

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18
Q

Reproductive Patterns

A

Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous

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19
Q

Oviparous

A
  • eggs deposited in environment
  • embryo develops inside an egg
  • fertilization internal or external
  • decrease female metabolic investment
  • increase predation
  • birds, most fish, reptiles, and amphibians
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20
Q

Ovoviviparous

A
  • eggs retained inside female (oviduct or uterus)
  • fertilization is internal
  • eggs covered in a thin shell
  • hatch inside mother, but receive no nourishment from the mother
  • annelids, insects, gastropods, some fish and reptiles
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21
Q

Viviparous

A
  • fertilization is internal
  • embryo develops within female (oviduct or uterus)
  • derive nourishment from mother
  • mammals, some lizards and snakes
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22
Q

Male Reproductive System

A
  • scrotom
  • gonad
  • male duct system
  • penis
  • accessory sex glands
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23
Q

scrotom

A

external pouch housing testes

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24
Q

testes

A
  • gonad
  • paired organs
  • organized into lobules
  • develop in abdominal cavity
  • descend into scrotom 2 months prior to birth . Too high in abdomen for viable sperm production
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25
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • 2-3 packed lobules of testes

- site of sperm production

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26
Q

Leydig Cells

A
  • located between libels

- secrete testersone

27
Q

Testosterone

A
  • required for development and maintenance of male reproductive system
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • –increase muscle mass (skeletal)
  • –increase bone density
  • –pattern and distribution of body hair.
  • –thickened vocal cords (vibrate more slowly producing a deeper voice)
28
Q

Male Duct System

A

interconnected specialized sperm conducting organs

29
Q

Epididymis

A
  • sperm storage and maturation site
  • defective spem absorbed here
  • sperm develop ability to swim here
30
Q

Vas deferens

A

sperm transport during ejaculation

31
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A
  • formed by union of duct of seminal vesicle and vas deferent
  • sperm transport during ejaculation
32
Q

Urethra

A
  • conducts urine and sperm but not simultaneously
  • sperm transport during ejaculation
  • passes through penis
33
Q

Penis

A
  • copulatory organ
  • contains erectile tissue
  • -Corpora cavernose
  • -Corpus spongiosum
34
Q

Corpora Cavernosa

A

dorsal column

two columns of erectile tisse

35
Q

Corpus Spongiosm

A

one column of erectile tissue

urethra passes through

36
Q

Accessory Sex Glands

A
  • adds secretions to male duct system
  • secretions + sperm + semen
  • Sperm do not pass through these gonads
37
Q

Seminal Vesicles

A

secretion: prostaglandins stimulate smooth muscle contactions in female reproductive tract

Fructose: nourishment for sperm. lubrication

38
Q

Cowper’s Glands

A

secretion: passes through urethra before sperm. Remove urine traces. Lubrication

39
Q

Prostate

A

secretion

base pH: neutralizes acidic environment of the vagina. lubrication

40
Q

FSH

A

follicle stimulating hormone

initiates sperm production in seminiferous tubules

41
Q

LH

A

leutinizing hormone

stimulates testosterone secretion by Leydig cells

42
Q

Ocary

A
  • gonad
  • ova production
  • hormone secretion: estrogen and (progesterone)
  • 400,000 eggs per ovary at puberty
43
Q

Ovarian Follicle

A
  • oocytes and surrounding cells (follicular cells)
  • follicles in varying stages of maturation
  • secrete estrogen (and progesterone)
44
Q

Estrogen

A
  • formation/maintenance of reproductive organs
  • secondary sex characteristics
  • –thicker layer of fat deposited undersign (softer skin to touch
45
Q

Corpus Luteum

A
  • remnants of follicle ovulation
  • grandular structure
  • secretes progesterone (and estrogen)
46
Q

progestrone

A
  • promotes gestation
  • increase activity of uterine glands
  • decrease contraction of uterine smooth muscle
47
Q

Oviduct

A

site of fertilization. overhangs, but not physical to connect to ovary distal region.

timbre: cilia lined, finger-like projections

48
Q

Uterus

A

normal site of implantation of blastocyst

49
Q

Endometrium

A
  • lining of uterus
  • impantation occurs here
  • stratum functionalis
  • stratum basale
50
Q

stratum functionalis

A

detaches during menstrual cycle

51
Q

stratum basale

A

remains intact during menstrual cycle

52
Q

myometrium

A

smooth muscle layer

53
Q

vagina

A

receptacle for pelvis and serves as a birth canal

54
Q

vulva includes:

A

mons pubis, labia majora: homologue to scrotom, labia minora, hymen, clitoris:homologous to penis

55
Q

Hormonal Control of the Female Reproductive system

A

blood levels of FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone fluctuate widely over a 28 day period

56
Q

ovarian cycle

A

changes occupe in ovary over 28 days. primarily due to cycling blood levels of FSH na dLH

57
Q

Follicular Phase

A

Day 1-13

FSH

development of ovarian follicles and estrogen secretion (& progesterone) by follicles

58
Q

Ovulation Phase

A

Day 14

LH surge

ovulation: release of egg by ovary

59
Q

Luteal Phase

A

Day 15-28

LH

secretion of progesterone (and estrogen) by corpus luteum

60
Q

Uterine Cycle

A

changes occurring in uterus over 28 days

changes primarily due to fluctuating blood levels of estrogen and progesterone

61
Q

Menstrual Phase

A

Day 1-5

low blood estrogen

portion of S.functionalis detaches and sloughs away

accompanied by loss of blood

62
Q

Proliferate Phase

A

Day 5-14

rising blood estrogen

increase blood estrogen levels
promote the proliferation
(repair) of endometrium

63
Q

Secretory Phase

A

Day 15-28

rising blood progesterone

increase blood progesterone levels. increase activity of endometrial glands and inhibits contraction of myometrium

Biology II (6 decks)

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