Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology II > Animal Development > Flashcards

Animal Development Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Preformation

A

concept of a miniature adult being present in the sperm or egg, waiting to unfold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epigenesis

A

concept that the fertilized egg contains building materials only, somehow assembled by an unknown directing force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Development

A

series of progressive changes in an individual from its beginning to maturity

Begins when a fertilized egg divides mitotically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cell types arise from

A

conditions created in preceding stages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Interactions become increasingly

A

restrictive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Cells lose option to

A

become something different. Said to be determined

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The two basic processes responsible for progressive subsivision

A

cytoplasmic localization

induction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fertilization

A

initial event in development in sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Fertilization provides for

A

recombination of paternal and maternal gametes-restores the diploid number

activates the egg to begin development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Oocyte maturation

A

Egg grows in size by accumulating yolk

contains much mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA and elements for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Morphogenetic determinants direct

A

the activation and repression of specific genes later in post fertilization development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Germinal Vesicle

A

when the egg nucleus grows in size, bloated with RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Contact and recognition between egg and sperm

A

marine organism

release enormous numbers of spam in the ocean to fertilize eggs

many eggs release chemotactic molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

chemotactic molecule

A

attract sperm of the same species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sea Urchin Sperm Fertilization

A
  • penetrate a jelly layer surrounding egg.

- next contacts the vitelline envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vitelline Envelope

A

thin membrane above the egg plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Egg recognition proteins on the acrosomal process bind to

A

species specific sperm receptors on the vitelline envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prevention of Polyspermy

A

Fertilization cone forms where the sperm contacts the vitelline membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Polyspermy

A

the entry of more than one sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fast block

A

In the sea urchin, an electrical potential rapidly spreads across the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cortical reaction flows

A
  • fusion of thousands of enzyme-rich cortical granules with the egg membrane
  • cortical granules release contents between the membrane and vitelline envelope
  • creates an osmotic gradient (one sperm has successfully fused with one egg plasma membrane)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fertilization membrane

A

vitelline envelope hardens

similar process occurs in mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Diploid zygote nucleus

A

fusion of male and female nuclei

24
Q

Fertilized egg is called

A

zygote

25
Q

Inhibitors of metabolism that kept egg in quiescent state are

A

removed

26
Q

Fertilization iniriates

A

burst of DNA and protein synthesis using mRNA stored in the egg cytoplasm

27
Q

Repositions morphogenetic determinants activate or repress genes as

A

development proceeds

28
Q

Blastomeres

A

large cytoplasmic mass converted into small maneurvable cells

29
Q

In cleavage there is no _____, only subdivision until cells reach regular somatic cell size

A

cell growth

30
Q

At the end of the cleavage ____ is formed

A

blastula

31
Q

Isolecithal Eggs

A

very little yolk distributed evenly in cytoplasm

cleavage is holoblastic (cleavage furrow extends completely through egg)

32
Q

Mesolecithal Eggs

A

moderate amount of gold concentrated in the vegetal pole

33
Q

Animal pole is the opposite of

A

vegetal pole

34
Q

Eggs cleave _______, but cleavage is slowed in yolk- rick vegetal pole

A

holoblastically

35
Q

Telolecithal Eggs

A

much yolk concentrated at vegetal pole

cleavage is meroblastic

36
Q

Nuclear Equivalence

A

Roux-Weismann Hypothesis

Genome gradually broken in smaller and smaller units

37
Q

Hans Spemann

A

Disproved Roux-Weismann Hypothesis

38
Q

Cytoplasmic Specification

A
  • cytoplasmic components are unevenly distributed in a zygote
  • different components contain morphogenetic determinants that control commitment to cell type
  • different determinants are partitioned among different blastomeres by cleavage and determine cell fate
39
Q

Embryonic Induction

A

capacity of some cells to evoke a specific developmental response in other cells

40
Q

After fertilization

A

proteins are translated from stored mRNA transcribed from maternal genome

41
Q

In many animals, maternal mRNA directs protein synthesis through

A

cleavage and to mid-blastula stage

42
Q

Protein synthesis then switches from maternal to ____ as the nucleus transcribes its own mRNA

A

zygotic control

43
Q

In reptiles, birds, and mammals…embroys develop within the ________.

A

amnion

44
Q

Amniotic egg contains ________ including the amnion

A

4 extra embryonic membranes

45
Q

In the shelled amniotic egg

A

Yolk sac

Allantois

46
Q

Yolk sac

A

pre-dates the amniotes by millions of years

-stores yolk

47
Q

Allantois

A

storage of metabolic wastes during development

contributes to formation of umbilical cord

48
Q

Chorion

A
  • Lies beneath the egg shell
  • encloses the embryo and other extra embryonic membrane
  • As membrane grow
  • —need for oxygen increases
  • —allantois and chorion fuse to form a respiratory surface, the chorioallantoic membrane
  • evolution of the shelled amniotic egg made internal fertilization a requirement
49
Q

The Mammalian Placenta and Early Mammalian Development

A

most mammalian embryos do not develop within an egg shell

  • develop within the mother’s body
  • most retained in the mother’s body
50
Q

Monotremes

A
  • lay eggs

- duck billed platypus and spiny anteater

51
Q

Marsupials

A

continue development in abdominal pouch of mother

52
Q

Placental Mammals

A

94% of Mammalia class

  • reconstruction of extra embryonic membranes
  • expanded region formed a uterus
53
Q

Amnion

A

remains unchanged
surrounds embryo
secretes fluid in which embryo floats

54
Q

Yolk sac

A

contains no yolk

source of stem cells that give rise to blood and lymphoid cells

55
Q

Chorion

A

forms most of the placenta

Biology II (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions