Endocrine System

Question 1

Endocrine Gland

Answer 1

ductless gland
secretions transported by blood
highly vascular

Question 2

Hormones

Answer 2

secretions of endocrine glands

produced in very small amounts

Question 3

target tissues

Answer 3

targets of the hormones

Question 4

Classes of Hormones

Answer 4

Amines
Peptides/Proteins
Steroids

Question 5

Amiens

Answer 5

derived from tyrosine or tryptophan

Question 6

Peptides/Proteins

Answer 6

most hormones

Question 7

Steroids

Answer 7

cholesterol derivatives

Question 8

Hormone Receptors

Answer 8

• only cells having the proper receptors can respond to a hormone
• hormones activate only specific cells
• hormone interacts noncovalently and reversibly with the receptor prevents cell from being permanentely stimulated.

Question 9

Amine and protein peptide hormones

Answer 9

are generally water soluble

• not able to cross plasma membrane
• must use receptors on cell surface

Question 10

Steroid hormones are lipid soluble

Answer 10

-diffuse across plasma membranes and access receptors in either the cytosol or nucleus

Question 11

Membrane Bound receptors

Answer 11

Protein Hormones

• bind to a receptor in the plasma membrane of target cell
• don’t enter cell
• binding activates molecules in cytoplasm (2nd messengers)
• 2nd messengers bring about desired effect

Question 12

Intracellular Receptors

Answer 12

Steroid Hormones

• enter target cell
• bind with receptor in the cytoplasm
• hormone and receptor enter nucleus
• turn genes on/off to bring about desired effect

Question 13

Negative feedback

Answer 13

Most common
output of the system turns off original stimulus

GOAL: prevent sudden and severe changes within the body

Question 14

Positive Feedback

Answer 14

response infrequent events not requiring continuous adjustments

Question 15

Hypothalamus

Answer 15

region of the brain that also functions as endocrine gland

Question 16

Neurohormones target

Answer 16

other endocrine glands

Question 17

Neurohormones physiological effects

Answer 17

initiate, release, initiation of hormones

Question 18

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target

Answer 18

nephron (kidney)

Question 19

Antidiuretic hormone physiological effects

Answer 19

increase water absorption

Question 20

Oxytocin target

Answer 20

smooth muscle in uterus

Question 21

Oxytocin physiological effects

Answer 21

stimulates contraction

Question 22

Pituitary Gland

Answer 22

2 Lobes: Anterior and Posterior

Question 23

Hormones in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 23

prolactin
thyroid stimulating hormone
adrenocorticotropic hormone 
growth hormone
luteinizing hormone 
follicle stimulating hormone

Question 24

hormones in posterior lobe of pituitary gland

Answer 24

antidiuretic hormone

oxytocin

Question 25

prolactin

Answer 25

mammary gland

milk production in pregnant females

Question 26

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 26

thyroid glands

regulates hormone secretion by thyroid

Question 27

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 27

adrenal glands

regulates hormone secretion by adrenal cortex

Question 28

growth hormone

Answer 28

all tissues

growth, differentiation, development

Question 29

lutenizing hormone

Answer 29

testes/ovaries

Question 30

follicle-stimulating hormone

Answer 30

testes/ovaries

Question 31

antidiuretic hormone

Answer 31

produced by hypothalamus; stored/released here

Question 32

oxytocin

Answer 32

produced by hypothalamus; stored/released here

Question 33

giantism

Answer 33

-excess production of GH
-children/teens before growth plates seal
-effects on skeleton: increase length of long bones
produce “giants”

Question 34

pituitary dwarfism

Answer 34

hypo secretion of GH in children
dwarf: adult height 4’10 or less
GH required for increase in length of long bones

Question 35

acromegaly

Answer 35

excessive production of GH in adults
effects on skeleton
-after growth plates seal bones cannot increase in length. bones can increase in width
-wide hands and feet
-wide nose
-teeth:widely spread; over or under bite
-also causes overgrowth of other tissues (furrows on face. overgrowth of connective tissue)

Question 36

T3: triiodothyronine

Answer 36

all body cells

increases basal metabolic rate

Question 37

T4: tetraiodothyronine

Answer 37

all body cells

increases basal metabolic rate

Question 38

calcitonin

Answer 38

bones of skeleton

decreases Ca removal from bone. increasing renal clearance of Ca

Question 39

Grave’s Disease

Answer 39

hypersecretion of T3 and T4

• increase BMR
• tolerant of heat
• inability to concentrate
• weight loss
• exophthalmos—eyes protrude from socket due to tissue swelling behind eyes

Question 40

Myxedema

Answer 40

hypersecretion of T3 and T4

• one form of hypothyroidism
• BMR lowered
• don’t tolerate cold environments well: not producing as much body heat due to lowered BMR
• dry skin/hair
• lethargic
• prone to weight gain
• problems concentration

Question 41

goiter

Answer 41

enlarged thyroid

Question 42

Parathyroid Gland

Answer 42

4 small glands embedded in the thyroid gland

target: bones of skeleton. nephron

physiological effects: increases blood Ca levels by initiating Ca removal from bones. decreasing ions of Ca in urine

Question 43

Osteitis Cystic Fibrosa

Answer 43

hyperparathyroidism
severe form
elevated blood calcium level
bones have a moth-eaten appearance and fracture easily

Question 44

Adrenal glands

Answer 44

small pyramidal shaped located on top of each kidney