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Biology II > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

_______ miles of blood vessels in the human body.

A

60,000

circumference of Earth: 25,000

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2
Q

the human heart beats _____ times each day

A

100,000

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3
Q

the human heart pumps ____ gallons of blood per day

A

1900

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4
Q

function of the circulatory system

A
  • transport of gases, nutrients, hormones, etc to cells

- transport waste away from cells

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5
Q

3 basic types of circulatory systems

A
  • gastrovascular cavity
  • open circulatory systems
  • closed circulatory systems
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6
Q

Gastrovascular Cavity

A
  • body cavity with single opening to outside
  • fluid with food particles circulated
  • –ciliated cells or contraction of body wall
  • food digestion in cavity and absorbed by living cells
  • water excreted into cavity
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7
Q

Who has a gastrovascular cavity

A

cnidarians

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8
Q

Who has a open circulatory system

A

arthropods and some mollusks

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9
Q

basic components of a circulatory system.

A

hemolymph: mixes directly with interstitial fluid

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10
Q

Open circulatory systems

A
  • vessels open into animal body cavity
  • nutrients/waste exchanged by diffusion between hemolymph and body cells
  • metabolically inexpensive
  • as animals activity increase, circulation becomes more efficent
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11
Q

limitations of open circulatory system

A

hemolymph cannot be selectively delivered to different tissues

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12
Q

Closed circulatory system

A
  • blood and interstitial fluid are physically separated
  • -differ in components and chemical composition
  • larger more active animals need a higher pressure to pump blood to all body cells
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13
Q

who has closed circulatory systems?

A

earthworms, cephalopods, and all vertebrates

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14
Q

characteristics of closed circulatory systems

A
  • blood remains w/i vessels
  • one or more hearts, solutes exchanged b/w cells and blood
  • blood contains disease-fighting cells and molecules
  • blood flow can be selectively controlled. (adjusted to meet metabolic needs)
  • vessels can heal themselves when wounded
  • system grows in size as animal grows
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15
Q

Types of closed circulatory systems

A
  • single circulation

- double circulation

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16
Q

Who experiences single circulation

A

fish

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17
Q

single circulation

A
  • single atrium
  • collects O2-pool blood from tissues
  • single ventricle
  • –pumps blood out of the heart
  • arteries carry blood away from heart to gills
  • –blood oxygenated
  • –CO2 released
  • O2-rich blood then transported by arteries to other body tissues
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18
Q

who experiences double circulation

A

crocodiles, birds, mammals.

19
Q

Mammalian Heart

A

4 chambered heart
Right and Let Atrium-upper thinner walls
Right and Left Ventricles

  • right and left sides of heart separated by a septum
  • no mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
  • —completely separated into two circuits
  • —contraction

-both atria move blood into single ventricle
-ventricle has flops that keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mostly separated
-some mixing does occur
—decrease efficiency of O2 transport
-

20
Q

Noncrocidilian Reptiles

A
  • ventricle partially divided

- increase efficiency of O2 transport

21
Q

Myogenic Heart

A

All vertebrae

  • Electrically excitable. Generate own action potential
  • Nervous input can decrease or increase rate and force of contraction
22
Q

Neurogenic Heart

A

Many arthropods and decapod crustaceans

-require regular electrical impulses from the nervous system

23
Q

Arteries

A

conduct blood AWAY from the heart. thicker layer of smooth muscle than vein of similar size—high pressure vessels

24
Q

Arterioles

A

small arteries that control blood flow through capillary beds

25
Q

Capillaries

A

site of gas exchange/nutrient/waste exchange

wall composed of a single cell. smallest and narrowest vessels in the body

26
Q

Veins

A

conduct blood BACK to the heart. Thinner and less muscular than arteries. Low pressure vessels. Need help returning blood to the heart.

Skeletal muscle contractions help propel blood
Valves inside veins prevent back flow of blood
pressure changes in thoracic cavity during ventilalication

27
Q

Varicose Vein

A

twisted, large veins near surface of skin caused by weaker valves.

28
Q

Blood

A

fluid connective tissue

29
Q

function of blood

A

transport of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
protection from disease causing agents
hemostasis:blood clotting
regulation of body temperature

30
Q

blood is composed of

A

plasma, formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

31
Q

Plasma

A

fluid portion of the blood.

accounts for 55% of the total blood volume. water, plasma proteins and solutes

32
Q

Erythrocytes

A

5,000,000 mm3 of blood
-circulating RBC’s” lack nuclei and most organelles
short life span: ~120 days
-contain hemoglobin

33
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • O2 transporting protein
  • ~200,000/RBC
  • association of 4 polypeptides each a heme (iron) group
  • heme group binds reversibility with O2
34
Q

Leukocytes

A

7,000/mm3 of blood

-must exit blood and enter connective tissues to provide biological function: protection from disease causing agents

35
Q

Neutrophiles

A

phagocytes; engulf bacteria

36
Q

Eosinophils

A

protection from parasitic worms

37
Q

Basophils

A

enhance the immune response

38
Q

Lymphocytes

A

associated w/acquired immunity

39
Q

Monocytes

A

phagocytes

numbers increase during chronic ingections

40
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A
  • fragments of bone marrow cells: megakaryocytic
  • fragements enter circulation
  • function:hemostasis
41
Q

Intermediate Circulatory systems

A

amphibians and most reptiles

  • relay on lungs and skin for gas exchange
  • Heart pumps blood to either
    1. Pulmoncutaneous circulation
    2. systemic circulation
42
Q

Pulmocutaneous Circulation

A

right ventricle—>lungs—->left atrium

respiratory surfaces of lung and skin

43
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

left ventricle ——> entire body not lungs —-> right atria

Biology II (6 decks)

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