respiratory system

Question 1

respiratory system is comprised of

Answer 1

nose pharynx (throat) larynx (voice box) trachea (windpipe) bronchi lungs

Question 2

upper respiratory

Answer 2

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx associated structures

Question 3

lower respiratory

Answer 3

trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 4

conducting zone

Answer 4

outside lungs. nose nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx , bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles. function is to filter warm and moisten air to conduct to lungs

Question 5

respiratory zone

Answer 5

tubes and tissue where gas exchange happens. respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts , alveolar sacs, alveoli.

Question 6

nose

Answer 6

warm air (capillaries), moisten air (mucus) and filter, detect olfactory stimuli, and modify speech

Question 7

pharynx

Answer 7

funnel shaped tube 5 inches long. starts at internal nares and extends to level of cricoid cartilage. made of skeletal muscle and is lined with mucous. can relax and contract. passageway for air and food

Question 8

three anatomical regions of pharynx

Answer 8

1. )naso pharynx: nasal cavity to soft palate.
2. )oropharynx: soft palate inferior to hyoid bone (where the opening of the mouth is and is a passageway for air and food).
3. ) laryngopharynx: hyoid bone inferior to esophagus (posteriorly) and larynx (anteriorly)

Question 9

larynx

Answer 9

short passageway that connects laryngopharynx with trachea. 3 single pieces. thyroid epiglottis and cricoid 3 paired also

Question 10

thyroid

Answer 10

adams apple- 2 fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form anterior wall of larynx

Question 11

epiglottis

Answer 11

large leaf shaped elastic cartilage covered by epithelium. stem attached to anterior rim of thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone. leaf portion unattached and free to move up and down like a trap door. cover larynx during swallowing and opens up to allow air

Question 12

swallowing

Answer 12

pharynx and larynx rise. elevation of larynx causes epiglottis to move down and form a lid over vocal cords

Question 13

trachea

Answer 13

5 inches long with 1 inch diameter. located anterior to esophagus. extends from larynx to superior border of 5th thoracic vertebrae. divides into left and primary bronchi

Question 14

layers of tracheal wall

Answer 14

mucosa, submucosa, hyaline cartilage, adventitia. has 16-20 hyaline cartilage ring stacked

Question 15

carina

Answer 15

point where trachea divides into bronchi

Question 16

difference between right and left primary bronchi

Answer 16

right is more vertical, wider, and shallower. aspirated objects likely to lodge here

Question 17

primary bronchi to end of conducting zone

Answer 17

primary bronchi > secondary bronchi goes to each lobe (right has 3 and left has 2)> tertiary bronchioles > branch repeatedly to terminal bronchioles

Question 18

cartilage to smooth muscle ratio down bronchial tree

Answer 18

cartilage decreases and smooth muscle increases

Question 19

constriction of airways (smooth muscle) can be caused by

Answer 19

muscle spasms (asthma attack), PNS and allergic reactions (histamine)

Question 20

dialation of airways

Answer 20

EPI/NE BY SNS. INCREASES VENTILATION

Question 21

Difference between bronchus and bronchiole

Answer 21

bronchus has cartilage which allows larger diameter and prevention of airway collapse

Question 22

hilum

Answer 22

medial region that contains the bronchi, pulmonary vessels, lymphatics and nerves

Question 23

vagus nerve

Answer 23

parasympathetic causes bronchial smooth muscle constriction and sympathetic NE/EPI causes bronchial dilation. interesting!!!

Question 24

parietal pleura

Answer 24

adherent to chest wall highly sensitive to pain

Question 25

visceral pleura

Answer 25

adherent to surface of lung and doesn’t feel pain

Question 26

pleural cavity

Answer 26

space between pleura contains serous fluid that lubricate lung surface during respiration and surface tension so lungs adhere to chest wall

Question 27

left lung

Answer 27

contains concavity (cardiac notch) where apex sits, and thus is 10% smaller than right

Question 28

right lung

Answer 28

thicker broader and shorter due to diaphragm being higher to accommodate liver

Question 29

lobes

Answer 29

1 or 2 fissure divide lung into lobes.

1. )left lung has oblique fissure which divides superior and inferior lobes
2. )right lung has oblique fissure which separates superior from inferior lobe and inferior from middle lobe. also has horizonatal fissure which separates superior and middle lobe

Question 30

each lobe receives…

Answer 30

secondary bronchus. right gets superior inferior and middle. left gets superior and inferior secondary bronchus

Question 31

how many tertiary bronchi in each lung

Answer 31

10

Question 32

how many alveoli in lung

Answer 32

300 million

Question 33

surface area of alveoli

Answer 33

70 m^2

Question 34

alveolar sac

Answer 34

has 2 or more alveoli

Question 35

alveolus

Answer 35

cup shaped out pouching

Question 36

surfactant

Answer 36

phospholipids and lipoproteins that lower surface tension of alveolar fluid, which reduces tendency for alveoli to collapse and maintains patency

Question 37

respiratory membrane

Answer 37

alveolar wall (2 types of cells), epithelial basement membrane, capillary basement membrane (fused to epithelial basement membrane) capillary endothelium. all of this is under .5 micrometers!!

Question 38

blood supply of lungs

Answer 38

pulmonary arteries 1 for each lung and pulmonary veins 2 from each lung

Question 39

hypoxia on pulmonary blood vessels

Answer 39

constriction. all other body tissues hypoxia causes dilation. this vasoconstriction allows for better ventilation/perfusion coupling. BF matches extent of ventilation alveoli are recieving

Question 40

lungs have dual blood supply

Answer 40

1. )pulmonary circ. pulm. arteries> capillaries > pulmonary veins
2. )bronchial circ. oxygen rich blood via bronchial arteries (branches of the thoracic aorta). supply terminal bronchioles, outer walls of pulmonary vessels and supporting tissue.