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Histology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

conducting portion

A

delivers air to lungs; warms, moistens, & filters air

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2
Q

respiratory portion

A

structures within lungs where oxygen is exchanged for CO2 in blood

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3
Q

conducting portion includes?

A

nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal broncioles

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4
Q

nasal cavity consists of?

A

vestibule, olfactory segment, & respiratory segment

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5
Q

nares (nostril openings)

A

outer portion; thin skin

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6
Q

vestibule

A
  • 1st internal nasal cavity structure
  • lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous
  • posterior: pseudostratified ciliated columnar
  • contains vibrissae (short hairs) to filter large particles
  • seromucous glands in vascular lamina propria
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7
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

located in roof of nasal cavity on sides of nasal septum and on superior nasal conchae

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8
Q

what kind of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar that contains olfactory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, and basal cells

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9
Q

what does the lamina propria of olfactory epithelium contain?

A

veins, unmyelinated nerves, & Bowman’s glands

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10
Q

describe olfactory cells

A
  • bipolar nerve cells
  • 30-60 day life span
  • bulbous apical projection (olfactory vesicle) with modified cillia
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11
Q

olfactory cilia

A

very long, nonmotile cilia that extends over the olfactory epithelium surface; odor receptors

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12
Q

supporting (sustentacular) cells

A

apically located nuclei with many microvilli & a prominent terminal web; physical & metabolic support to olfactory cells

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13
Q

basal cells

A

in contact with basal lamina that don’t extend to surface; regenerative stem cells for other cells in olfactory epithelium

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14
Q

bowman’s glands

A

produces thin, watery secretions that are released onto olfactory epithelium via ducts

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15
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • posterior continuation of nasal cavities that becomes oropharynx at soft palate
  • lined by respiratory epithelium
  • contains lymphoid tissue & nasopharyngeal tonsil
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16
Q

larynx

A
  • connects pharynx with trachea
  • hyaline & elastic cartilage
  • contains striated muscle, CT, & glands
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17
Q

vocal cords

A

consists of skeletal muscle (vocalis), vocal ligament (band of elastic fibers), & a covering of stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

vestibular folds

A
  • lie superior to vocal cords; folds of loose CT containing glands, lymphoid aggregations, & fat cells
  • contains stratified squamous epithelium
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19
Q

what kind of cartilage does the trachea have?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage with open ends posterior that contains smooth muscle called trachealis

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20
Q

what permits trachea to elongate during inhalation?

A

dense fibroelastic CT between adjacent C rings

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21
Q

what layers does the trachea have?

A
  • mucosa (epithelium & lamina propria)
  • submucosa
  • cartilage
  • adventitia
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22
Q

tracheal epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ciliated cells, mucus cells, brush cells, small granule cells, & basal cells

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23
Q

brush cell

A

columnar cell with blunt microvilli on surface; basal portion in contact with afferent nerve ending (receptor cell)

24
Q

small granule cell

A

contains dense granules, catecholamines, or other polypeptide hormones; a part of the diffuse endocrine system
**bronchial cells of Kulchitsky

25
Q

basal cell

A

reserve stem cell for epithelium

26
Q

primary bronchi

A

2; one for each lung

**similar to trachea but cartilage rings go all the way around

27
Q

what are the layers of bronchi?

A
  • mucosa
  • muscularis
  • submucosa
  • cartilage layer
  • adventitia
28
Q

primary bronchioles

A

lack glands in submucosa; walls made of smooth muscle not cartilage

29
Q

what epithelium do primary bronchioles have?

A

ciliated columnar with goblet cells in large bronchioles and ciliated columnar with clara cells in small bronchioles

30
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

lacks glands in submucosa; walls contain smooth muscle (no cartilage)
**most distal part of conducting portion of respiratory system

31
Q

what epithelium do terminal bronchioles have?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium containing clara cells, ciliated cells, but NO goblet cells

32
Q

clara cells

A

dome-shaped apical surface, no cilia; secretes glycosaminoglycans that protect bronchiolar lining
**contains cytochrome P-450 enzymes in smooth ER

33
Q

respiratory broncioles

A

transition to respiratory portion of lung with alveoli

34
Q

what cells do respiratory bronchioles contain?

A

simple cuboidal lining with clara cells and ciliated cells

35
Q

alveolar ducts

A
  • passageway that leads from respiratory bronchioles
  • most distal part that contains smooth muscle
  • lined by simple squamous epithelium with type I/II pneumocytes
36
Q

alveolar sacs

A

outpouchings of numerous alveoli located at distal end of alveolar duct

37
Q

alveoli

A

pouch-like invaginations in respiratory bronchiole walls, alveolar ducts, & alveolar sacs

38
Q

interalveolar septa

A

separates alveoli

39
Q

alveolar pores

A

in interalveolar septa that equalizes pressure between alveoli

40
Q

what kind of fibers exist in alveoli?

A

elastic & reticular fibers in walls

41
Q

what kind of cells exist in alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium of type I & II pneumocytes

42
Q

what’s the function of alveoli?

A

site of O2 and CO2 diffusion between air & blood

43
Q

type I pneumocytes

A
  • cover 95% of alveolar surface
  • form tight junctions between cells
  • does not divide
44
Q

type II pneumocytes

A
  • cuboidal/found near septal intersections
  • apical cytoplasm with microvilli
  • form tight junctions
45
Q

how are type II different than type I pneumocytes?

A

type II can divide and regenerate both types of pneumocyte cells

46
Q

cytoplasmic lamellar bodies

A

storage inclusion for pulmonary surfactant

47
Q

what kind of epithelium does interalveolar septa have?

A

outer: simple squamous epithelium

48
Q

what is found in the central region of interaveolar septa?

A

continuous (tight junctions) capillaries

49
Q

blood-gas barrier

A
  • type I pneumocytes & surfactant

- fused basal lamina of pneumocytes & capillary endothelial cells

50
Q

pulmonary surfactant

A

4 proteins & a phospholipid called DPPC

51
Q

lung macrophages

A
  • dust cells (70-85% of airway cells)
  • found in interstitial septal CT
  • increase in response to inflammation
52
Q

hyaline membrane disease

A
  • neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
  • in premies
  • lack adequate amounts of pulmonary surfactant
  • labored breathing
  • treated with glucocorticoids to induce surfactant production
53
Q

emphysema

A
  • destruction of respiratory bronchioles
  • cyst like sacs: reduce gas exchange surface area
  • decreased lung elasticity
  • alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency & smoking are causes
54
Q

pulmonary edema

A
  • fluid leaks into interstitial tissues & alveoli
  • left ventricle dysfunction causes dilation of pulmonary capillaries & increases hydrostatic pressure
  • destruction of endothelial lining
55
Q

asthma

A
  • constriction of bronchiolar smooth muscle
  • difficult air expiration, mucus accumulation in airways, & inflammatory cell infiltration
  • treated with epinephrine (smooth muscle relaxants)
56
Q

hydrothorax

A

fluid in pleural cavity

57
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity

Histology (8 decks)

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