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Histology > Cartilage & Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage & Bone Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage

A

specialized form of fibrous CT

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2
Q

cartilage is avascular, meaning?

A

contains chondrocytes embedded in extracellular matrix; nutrients & waste pass through matrix

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3
Q

functions of cartilage

A

support soft tissues & guide development/growth of bones

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4
Q

3 types of cartilage?

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

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5
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

location at articular ends of long bones, walls of respiratory system & ventral ends of ribs; in fetus until bone replaces it

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6
Q

hyaline cartilage matrix

A

amorphous ground substance with proteoglycan aggregates & chondronectin embedded type II collagen

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7
Q

proteoglycan aggregates

A

contains chondroitin & keratin sulfate & hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

chondronectin

A

glycoprotein in cartilage

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9
Q

territorial (capsular) matrix

A

area adjacent to chondrocytes thats poor in collagen but rick in glycosaminoglycans; very basophilic/metachromatic (PAS stain)

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10
Q

interterritorial (intercapsular) matrix

A

areas without staining

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11
Q

perichondrium

A

layer of dense irregular CT that surrounds hyaline cartilage except at articular surfaces

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12
Q

outer fibrous layer of perichondrium

A

contains type 1 collagen, fibroblasts, & blood vessels

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13
Q

inner cellular layer of perichondrium

A

contains chondrogenic cells which is a source of new cartilage cells

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14
Q

what provides the blood supply for avascular cartilage?

A

perichondrium

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15
Q

chondrocytes

A

mature cartilage cells embedded in lacunae in the matrix that make & maintain cartilage matrix

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16
Q

chondrocytes arise from?

A

chondrogenic cells into chondroblasts, which produce cartilage matrix

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17
Q

what cell is totally surrounded by matrix?

A

chondrocyte

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18
Q

isogenous groups

A

groups of 2-8 chondrocytes; when the cells divide they stay in the same lacunae

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19
Q

elastic cartilage

A

matrix contains network of elastic fibers; perichondrium similar to hyaline; yellowish color

20
Q

where is elastic cartilage located?

A

flexible support areas such as external ear, eustachian tube, epiglottis, & larynx

21
Q

elastic cartilage is _____ prone to degeneration than hyaline cartilage?

A

less

22
Q

fibrocartilage

A

has no perichondrium, properties in between hyaline & dense CT

23
Q

what is fibrocartilage made of?

A

alternating rows of fibroblast-derived chondrocytes & thick bundles of type 1 collagen fibers

24
Q

where is fibrocartilage found?

A

where support & tensile strength are needed with hyaline cartilage, fibrous tissues; IV disks, articular disks, pubic symphysis, tendon/ligament insertions, knee joint menisci

25
Q

what is bone?

A

specialized CT; calcified extracellular matrix with osteocytes embedded in matrix; main component of adult skeleton; supports tissues & organs; provides calcium reserve

26
Q

bone matrix made of?

A
  • inorganic (calcified) portion made of calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, & sodium; consists mostly of hydroxyapatite crystals;
  • organic portion made of type 1 collagen; ground substance made of chondroitin sulfate & keratan sulfate
27
Q

primary bone

A

immature bone formed in fetal development & bone repair with low mineral content

28
Q

secondary bone

A

mature & lamellar bone; 2 types compact & spongy

29
Q

compact bone

A

dense, outer portion of bone; organized with outer circumferential lamellae below periosteum & inner circumferential lamellae adjacent to marrow cavity; middle bone organized into osteons

30
Q

spongy bone

A

meshwork of trabeculae in bone interior

31
Q

osteons

A

haversian canals connected with Volkmann’s canals

32
Q

bone periosteum

A

layer of noncalcified CT covering bone external surfaces except at synovial articulations;

33
Q

what is bone periosteum made of?

A

outer fibrous dense collagenous layer & inner cellular (osteogenic) layer

34
Q

what attaches periosteum to bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibers (type 1 collagen)

35
Q

what does periosteum do?

A

distributes blood vessels to bone

36
Q

endosteum

A

thin specialized CT that lines marrow cavities & is a source of osteoprogenitor cells & osteoblasts for bone growth & repair

37
Q

osteoprogenitor cells

A

inner layer of periosteum & endosteal cells that line marrow cavity; flat/spindle shaped; can differentiate into osteoblasts

38
Q

osteoblasts

A

secretes collagen, ground substance, & osteiod; regulates mineralization of bone; cuboidal in shape; metabolically active

39
Q

osteoid

A

unmineralized bone

40
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain bone matrix & reside in lacunae; communicates with other osteocytes/blasts with canaliculi & gap junctions

41
Q

osteoclasts

A

multinucleated cell thats acidophilic; macrophage activity; actively resorb bone & release lysosomes into extracellular space

42
Q

howship’s lacunae

A

depression in bone created by osteoclast for bone resorption by osteoclast

43
Q

osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone mass due to decreased bone formation & increased bone resorption; occurs in old age (reduced secretion of growth hormone), immobile patients (lack of physical stress on bone), & postmenopausal women (diminished estrogen secretion)

44
Q

osteomalacia

A

due to calcium deficiency in adults; deficient calcification of new bones & decalcification of old bones; severe in pregnancy due to loss of calcium to fetus

45
Q

rickets

A

osteomalacia in children due to vitamin D deficiency & also calcium deficiency **deformation of bone spicules in epiphyseal plates —> slow bone growth & bone deformation

46
Q

acromegaly

A

excess pituitary growth hormone in adults; very thick bones in limbs & facial skeleton

47
Q

paget’s disease

A

osteitis deformans; bone remodeling doesn’t function properly —> abnormal bone, enlarged, brittle, prone to breakage

Histology (8 decks)

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