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Histology > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

integument includes what layers?

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, nails, glands, & nerves

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2
Q

what are the functions of the integument?

A

protection, thermoregulation, sensory, metabolic, secretion

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3
Q

where is thick skin located?

A

palms of hands and soles of feet (no hair follicles)

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4
Q

where is thin skin located?

A

skin other than palms and soles of feet; thinner epidermis than thick skin & has hair follicles

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5
Q

stratified squamous epithelial cells produce what?

A

keratinocytes

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6
Q

what are the epidermal layers?

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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7
Q

characteristics of stratum basale?

A

single layer of columnar to cuboidal shaped cells; numerous mitotic figures; numerous intermediate filaments (tonofilaments); desmosomes

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8
Q

what binds cells to basal lamina?

A

hemidesmosomes

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9
Q

characteristics of stratum spinosum?

A

cells: cuboidal, polygonal, slightly flat; cytokeratin aggregates to form tonofibrils; some mitotic figures

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10
Q

characteristics of stratum granulosum?

A

3-5 layers of flat polygonal cells; basophilic cytoplasm with keratohyaline granules; rod-like lamellar granules (keratinosomes); has glycolipid penetration barrier

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11
Q

characteristics of stratum lucidum?

A

only in thick skin; thin layer of eosinophilic, newly keratinized cells; no organelles/nuclei; contains eleidin (product of keratohyalin)

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12
Q

characteristics of stratum corneum?

A

15-20 layers of flat nonnucleated cells with keratin

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13
Q

dead flattened cells

A

squames

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14
Q

what is necessary for skin healing?

A

retinol (vitamin A) because its a factor for keratinocyte differentiation

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15
Q

first degree burn?

A

extends down to stratum lucidum

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16
Q

second degree burn?

A

extends down to stratum basale

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17
Q

third degree burn?

A

extends into dermis

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18
Q

where are glycolipids secreted to form multilayered lipids intracellularly?

A

stratum granulusom

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19
Q

what links to the side of the cell membrane of stratum corneum?

A

protein complex of involucrin-small proline rich loricrin complex & keratin-filagrin aggregates

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20
Q

melanocytes

A

pigment producing cells of stratum basale derived from neural crest

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21
Q

cytocrine secretion

A

process by which melanocytes distribute melanin to other cells & hair

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22
Q

what cells undergo exocytosis & endocytosis of pigment granules?

A

keratinocytes

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23
Q

where does melanin form?

A

melanosomes derived from golgi

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24
Q

which enzyme is needed for melanin synthesis?

A

tyrosinase

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25
Q

addison’s disease

A

lack of cortisol from adrenal cortex which causes overproduction of ACTH —-> increases skin pigmentation

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26
Q

albinism

A

melanocytes do not make melanin

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27
Q

loss of melanocytes causes?

A

depigmentation (vitiligo)

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28
Q

langerhan’s cells

A

star shaped; mostly in stratum spinosum/dermis near blood vessels

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29
Q

where are langerhan’s cells derived?

A

bone marrow (magrophage lineage)

30
Q

what is something langerhan’s cells don’t do?

A

form desmosomal attachments with other cells

31
Q

describe the granules in a langerhan’s cell

A

membrane bound, rod like shape called birbeck or vermiform granules that contain proteins (langerin) for antigen uptake

32
Q

merkel’s cell

A

tactile epitheloid cell associated with sensory nerve ending; primarily in thick skin of palms/soles; base of cell in contact with neuron

33
Q

what does the cytoplasm of a merkel’s cell contain?

A

small dense granules that may be related to catecholamine granules of neurosecretory cells

34
Q

dermis

A

made of CT; supports epidermis & binds it to hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue)

35
Q

how does the dermis connect with the epidermis?

A

dermal papillae

36
Q

epidermal counterpart to dermal papillae?

A

epidermal ridges or rete ridges

37
Q

anchoring fibrils

A

collagenous; extend from basal lamina to dermis/epidermis by anchoring plaques

38
Q

papillary layer of dermis made of?

A

loose CT (fibroblasts, mast cells, & macrophages)

39
Q

reticular layer of dermis composed of?

A

dense irregular CT; thicker than papillary layer

40
Q

dermis also contains

A

follicles, sweat & sebaceous glands, nerves

41
Q

which layer is important for thermoregulation?

A

papillary layer —> extensive capillary network

42
Q

hypdermis

A

deeper continuation of dermis made of loose CT & adipose tissue

43
Q

where are pacinian corpuscles found?

A

dermis/hypodermis junction

44
Q

hair follicle

A

invagination of epidermis that terminates in a hair bulb

45
Q

dermal papilla projects into?

A

hair bulb

46
Q

what forms the hair root?

A

epidermal cells covering dermal papilla that continues with hair shaft

47
Q

what forms hair medulla?

A

cells at apex of dermal papilla produce large, vacuolated, keratinized cells

48
Q

what forms hair cortex?

A

cells in papilla differentiate into fusiform, heavily keratinized cells

49
Q

what produces hair cuticle?

A

peripheral cells in root

50
Q

internal and external root sheath produced by?

A

peripheral root cells

51
Q

glassy membrane

A

separates hair follicle from dermis; thickened basal lamina

52
Q

arrector pili muscles

A

smooth muscle bundles extending from dermis papillary layer to hair follicle CT sheath

53
Q

sebaceous glands

A

not on palms/soles; holocrine gland

54
Q

sebum

A

dead cells & cell contents

55
Q

sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

A

eccrine/merocrine sweat glands (simple coiled tubular glands) that receive cholinergic nerve fibers

56
Q

where do merocrine glands open into?

A

skin surface

57
Q

where is the secretory portion of sweat gland?

A

deep in dermis

58
Q

what kind of cells do sweat glands have?

A

myoepithelial cells (contractile); dark cells=mucoid/pyramidal cells; clear cells=no secretory granules but lots of glycogen

59
Q

what do dark cells secrete?

A

glycoproteins (mucous)

60
Q

what do clear cells secrete?

A

water & electrolytes into intercellular canaliculi

61
Q

apocrine glands located?

A

axillary, areolar, & anal regions —> ducts open into hair follicles

62
Q

what do apocrine glands produce?

A

viscous protein containing secretion

63
Q

what nerve fibers do apogrine glands receive?

A

adrenergic

64
Q

what mechanism of secretion does apocrine glands have?

A

merocrine mechanism

65
Q

liver spots

A

large freckle due to sun exposure in older people

66
Q

actinic keratosis

A

precancerous condition of thick scaly patches of skin

67
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

90% of skin cancer; slow growing & treatable

68
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

develops in sun damaged areas (actinic keratosis due to sun damage)

69
Q

malignant melanoma

A

derived from melanocytes; difficult to treat

70
Q

psoriasis

A

immune related, genetic disease; red scaly patches of skin due to inflammation and hyperplasia —-> joint problems

Histology (8 decks)

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