Respiratory System

Question 0

What causes Bronchoconstriction ?

Answer 0

1. Hypoxia - stimulates carotid and aortic receptors - and produce constriction
2. Pain

Question 1

What is resting broncho motor tone mediated by?

Answer 1

1. Bronchoconstriction - vagus

2. Dilatation - sympathetic nervous system

Question 2

What causes bronchodilatation ?

Answer 2

1. Pulmonary infiltrates - inhibit vagus

2. Acidosis - via local chemoreceptor responce

Question 3

Features of PE?

Answer 3

1. Tachypnoea
2. Rales
3. Loud pulmonary second heart sound
4. S3 or S4 gallop
5. Cyanosis
6. Hypotension
7. Raised JVP
   ECG - S wave in lead one, Q wave and inverted T wave in lead 3

Question 4

ECG patterns seen in PE?

Answer 4

1. S1 Q3 T3
2. Tachycardia
3. RBBB
4. AF
5. A flutter
6. Right axis deviation
7. Right atrial dilatation may lead to prominent T waves in inferior leads

Question 5

ARDS

Answer 5

1. Acute onset of impaired oxygenation
2. Sever hypoxia paO2:FiO2 ratio < 200mmHg
3. Bilateral diffuse infiltrates of chest x ray
4. PCWP < 18mmHg

Question 6

Normal mean pulmonary arterial pressure

Answer 6

15mmHg