respiratory system Flashcards
tidal volume
volume of air breathed in or out per minute
increases during exercise
inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air forcibly inhaled following normal breath at rest
decreases during exercise
expiratory reserve volume
volume of air forcibly exhaled following a normal breath at rest
slightly decreases during exercise
residual volume
volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
stays the same during exercise
minute ventilation
volume of air breathed in or out per minute
increases during exercise
respiration
the taking in of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
ventilation
getting air into and out of the lungs
external respiration
gaseous exchange between the lungs and the blood
internal respiration
gaseous exchange between the blood in the capillaries and the body cells
cellular respiration
the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose
pathway of air
nose/mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
capillaries
trachea
lines with cilia which catch particles of dust which is then removed by coughing
kept open by rings of cartilage
bronchioles
narrow thin tubes less than 1 mm in diameter
no cartilage
alveoli
responsible for gaseous exchange between the blood and the lungs which occurs via diffusion from high to low partial pressure
structure of alveoli
thin walls for short diffusion pathway
large surface area for millions in each lung
extensive capillary network
process of inhaling
rib cage moves up and out
diaphragm contracts and pulled flat
pressure in lungs decreases
air is drawn in
process of exhaling
rib cage falls
diaphragm relaxes and rises to some shape
pressure in the lungs increases
air is forced out
pressure differences
air moves from high to low pressure
to get air into lungs pressure has to be lower than atmosphere outside
greater the difference, faster air will flow
muscles used for inspiration at rest
external intercostals
diaphragm
muscles used for expiration at rest
passive
diaphragm
external intercostals
muscles used for inspiration during exercise
pectoralis minor
diaphragm
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
external intercostals
muscles used for expiration during exercise
internal intercostals
abdominals
partial pressure
the pressure exerted by a gas when it’s in a mixture with other gases
how does oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse from alveoli and blood
oxygen in the alveoli has a high partial pressure so it diffuses into the blood where it is a lower partial pressure
blood in the capillaries has a high partial pressure of co2 so it diffuses into to the alveoli where there is a lower partial pressure
3 types of regulation of pulmonary ventilation
neural
chemical
hormonal
the respiratory centre
located in the medulla oblongata
controls depth and rate of breathing
uses neural and control
two main areas are inspiratory centre and expiratory centre
inspiratory centre
sends out nerve impulses via the phrenic nerve to the inspiratory muscles to causes them to contract
this stimulation acts for 2 seconds and then the impulses stop and passive expiration occurs due to the elastic recoil of the lungs
uses sympathetic nervous system
chemical control during exercise
is more co2 in the blood plasma
More lactic acid is produced
Blood acidity increases
Changes detected by chemo receptors in the cartoid artery and aortic arch
impulses sent to the inspiratory centre to increase ventilation
Respiratory centre sends impulses down the phrenic nerve to stimulate more inspiratory muscles
The sternocleodomastoid pectoralis minor and scalenes start contract
The rate depth and rhythm of breathing start to increase
this continues until blood acidity is returned to normal
other factors affecting neural control of breathing
mechanical factors
proprioceptors
baroreceptors
stretch receptors
hormonal control of pulmonary ventilation
adrenaline is made in the adrenal gland of the kidney
transported in the blood and affects the nervous system
before we exercise the brain sends impulses to the adrenal glands which respond and pump adrenaline into the blood in anticipation of the increased need for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
as a result breathing rate increases in preparation for exercise and the demand to take in more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
effects of exercise
increased surface area of alveoli
increases capillary density around alveoli/muscle
respiratory muscles strengthened
increased depth of breathing and frequency
increased tidal volume during maximal exercise
increased vital capacity
increased vo2 max
impact of effects of exercise on the respiratory system
greater amount of o2 diffuses into the blood and co2 into the alveoli
greater blood supply
larger gaseous exchange
strengthened muscles means they have a greater force of contraction
delays obla or lactate threshold
increased aerobic endurance
impact of effects of exercise on health and performance
perform for longer period of time at a higher intensity
delays fatigue so can play longer
carry out everyday activities with ease
smoking
irritation to trachea and bronchi
reduces lung function and increases breathlessness
damages cilia which causes excess mucus build up
alveoli walls can break down and form larger air spaces means smaller surface area and decreased rate of gaseous exchange
COPD
chronic destructive pulmonary disease
collection of diseases such as chronic bronchitis which is long term swelling of the bronchit
oxygen transport with smoking
haemoglobin has a higher affinity for carbon monoxide oxygen
Carbon monoxide is breathed in when smoking it combines with haemoglobin much more than oxygen
This reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
This increases breathlessness during exercise
effects of smoking
decrease efficiency for respiratory system to supply oxygen to muscles
Carbon monoxide reduces amount of O2 absorbed in blood
Haemoglobin has greater affinity to carbon monoxide than oxygen
respiratory centre
located in the medulla oblongata
Controls rate and debt for breathing
Uses neural and chemical control
Responsible for stimulating the expiratory muscles used during exercise
