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cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

myogenic

A

capacity of the heart to generate its own impulses

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2
Q

sinoateial node

A

small mass of cardiac muscle located in the right atrium that generates a heart beat (pacemaker)

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3
Q

atrioventricular node

A

this node relays the impulse between the upper and lower chamber of the heart

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4
Q

systole

A

heart contracts

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5
Q

bundle of his

A

collection of heart muscle fibres that transmit electrical impulses from the av node via bundle branches to the ventricles

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6
Q

purkinje fibres

A

muscle fibres that conduct impulses in the walls of the ventricles

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7
Q

where are chemoreceptors found

A

carotid arteries and aortic arch

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8
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

sense chemical changes, during exercise they detect an increase in co2 in the blood this stimulates the sympathetic nervous system which means the heart will beat faster

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9
Q

where are proprioceptors found

A

muscles tendons and joints

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10
Q

what do proprioceptors do

A

at start of exercise, they detect an increase in muscle movement, an impulse is sent to the medulla oblongata which then sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to the sa node to increase the heart rate, when parasympathetic nervous system is stimulated the sa node heart rate increases

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11
Q

what do baroreceptors do

A

respond to the stretching of the arterial wall caused by changes in blood pressure
establish a set point for blood pressure, any fluctuation from this results in them sending signals to the medulla oblongata
increase in arterial pressure means an increase in stretch of baroreceptors means a decrease in heart rate.

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12
Q

hormonal control mechanism

A

hormones effect heart rate
adrenaline is a stress hormone released by the sympathetic nerves during exercise
stimulates the sa node to increase speed and force of contraction and therefore increasing cardiac output.

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13
Q

cardiac conduction system

A

an electrical signal in the sinoatrial node starts the heartbeat
The electrical impulse spreads across the atria in a wave of excitation
The atria contracts and blood is forced through to the ventricles
The electrical impulse passes through the av node
The AV node delays the transmission for approximately 0.1 seconds to enable the atria to fully contract before ventricular systole begins
The electrical impulse passes down specialised fibres which formed the bundle of his in the septum
The bundle of Hess branches out into two bundle branches and then moves into smaller bundles called Purkinje fibres which spread throughout the ventricles
The ventricles contract and blood is forced up and out of the heart

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14
Q

what does the neural control mechanism involve

A

Involves the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

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15
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

Returns the heart to resting level

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16
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

stimulates heart to beat faster

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17
Q

nervous system

A

CNS (brain and spinal cord)
PNS (nerve cells that transmit electrical impulses info to and from the nervous system

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18
Q

CNS

A

coordinated by medulla oblongata

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19
Q

venous return

A

The volume of blood returning to the heart via the veins

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20
Q

ejection fraction

A

The percentage of blood pumped out by the left ventricle per beat

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21
Q

cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles per minute it is equal to stroke volume times heart rate

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22
Q

heart rate

A

number of times the heartbeats per minute

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23
Q

cardiac hyper trophy

A

The thickening of the muscular wall of the heart so that it becomes bigger and stronger

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24
Q

stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped out by the heart ventricles in each contraction average resting value is 70 ML

25
bradycardia
A decrease in resting heart rate to below 60 BPM
26
starlings law
increased Venous return creates greater diastolic filling which leads to an increased ejection fraction
27
health
A state of mental physical and social well-being and not merely the absence of infirmary or disease
28
fitness
When an individual is able to meet the demands of the environment
29
how is a heart attack formed
coronary arteries become narrow unable to deliver enough oxygen to the heart pain and discomfort occurs If an arothema breaks off in the coronary artery, it can cause a blood clot Results in a blockage This can cut off the supply of oxygenated blood to the heart resulting in a heart attack
30
blood pressure
Force exerted by the blood against the blood vessel wall
31
what does regular exercise do to blood pressure
lowers your blood pressure and helps you maintain a healthy weight Lowers your chance of stroke by 27%
32
bad lifestyle choices
diet smoking lack of exercise work life balance overtraining lack of sleep alcohol and drugs
33
stroke
occur when blood supply is cut off causing damage to brain cells so they die Leads to brain injury, disability or death
34
2 types of stroke
ischamic: blood clot stops the blood supply haemorrhaging: weakened blood vessel supplying brain burts
35
HDL
high density lipoproteins transport excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down Good cholesterol since they lower risk of developing heart disease
36
LDL
low density lipoproteins Transport cholesterol in the blood to tissues and classed as bad cholesterol as linked to heart disease
37
angina
pain and discomfort
38
atheroma
fatty deposit that breaks off and causes a blood clot
39
what does stroke volume depend on
venous return increases so will stroke volume elasticity of cardiac fibres, the more they stretch the greater the force of contraction will be and then it will increase ejection fraction (starling law)
40
stroke volume in response to exercise
will increase as exercise intensity increases but only up to 40-60% of max effort after it plateaus as heart rate is near max so results in shorter diastolic phase
41
cardiac output in response to exercise
increase as exercise intensity increases until reached max intensity then it plateaus
42
avo2 difference
difference in the 02 content between arterial blood arriving at the muscles and the venous blood leaving the muscles
43
cardiovascular drift
occurs after 10 mins of exercise heart beat rate increases and stroke volume fraction decreases warm conditions caused by fluid lost as sweat and reduction in plasma and blood and increased blood viscosity reduced venous return starlings law occurs heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output
44
pre hypertension
120-139/80-89 mmhg
45
hypertension
140/90 mmhg or higher
46
venous return mechanisms
gravity muscle pump respiratory pump smooth muscle pocket valves suction pump of the heart
47
gravity
helps blood return to the heart from upper body
48
muscle pump
when muscles contract and relax they change shape they press on nearby veins and cause a pumping effect the squeezes blood towards the heart
49
respiratory pump
when the muscles contract and relax during breathing in and out, pressure changes occur in the thoracic cavity and abodmoninal cavity these changes in pressure compress the nearby veins and assist blood return to the heaty
50
pocket valves
valves ensure blood flows one way
51
smooth muscle
thin layer of smooth muscle in the walls of the veins and helps squeeze blood back to the heart
52
plasma
fluid part of the blood that surrounds blood cells and transports them
53
haemoglobin
iron containing pigment found in rbc which combines with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin
54
myoglobin
iron containing pigment in slow twitch muscle fibres and stores o2 in muscle fibres
55
mitochondria
respiration and energy production occur here
56
bohr shift
increase in co2 and decrease in ph results in reduction for the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
57
ph
measure of acidity
58
vasodilation
widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow to the capillaries
59
vasoconstriction
narrowing of the blood vessels to reduce blood flow to the capillaries

alevel pe (8 decks)

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