neuromuscular system

Question 1

autonomic

Answer 1

regulates the function of internal organs
works involuntarily

Question 2

neuromuscular

Answer 2

where the nervous system and muscles work together to produce movement
central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 3

central nervous system

Answer 3

spinal cord and brain

Question 4

peripheral nervous system

Answer 4

everything that come of the cns

Question 5

sympathetic

Answer 5

flight response
prepares the body for exercise

Question 6

parasympathetic

Answer 6

relaxes the body and slows down energy functions
relax and rest

Question 7

type 1 slow oxidative

Answer 7

lots of mitochondria and myoglobin
fatigue resistant
for low intensity and long duration
endurance events
dominant at rest
red in colour
slower o contract and slower to tire
resynthesise atp using oxygen

Question 8

type 2a fast oxidative glycolitic

Answer 8

pink in colour
adapt specifically to different types of training to behave more like type 1 or type 2b
can produce energy through anaerobic and aerobic processes
some mitochondria giving them a fast recovery and fatigue resistant aspect
1500m runner

Question 9

type 2b fast glycolytic

Answer 9

white in colour
produce quick bursts of speed
power lifting and sprinting
used in short bursts, high intensity and explosive movements
fastest contraction and quickest to fatigue
low oxidative capacity and low in mitochondria

Question 10

effects of training

Answer 10

what muscle fibre you have is genetically determined
you can increase the size of fibres through training
this is called hypertrophy

Question 11

motor unit

Answer 11

muscle fibres are grouped into motor units consist of motor neuron and its muscle fibres
Only one type of muscle fibre can be found in one particular motor unit
Muscle fibres work with the nervous system so that a contraction can occur
The motor neuron transmits nerve impulses to the muscle fibre
Each motor neuron has branches that end in the neuromuscular junction on the muscle fibre
Each muscle is made up of many major units and they’re very in size
A small muscle that is used for fine motor control will have motor units that only have a few fibres per motor neuron
A large muscle that is used for gross motor control will have motor units with a motor neuron feeding hundreds of fibres

Question 12

all or none law

Answer 12

once the motor neurone stimulates the muscle fibres either get all of them contract or none of them contract
Motor unit can’t partially contract
Minimum amount of stimulation needed to start contraction
If the sequence of impulses is equal to or more than threshold all the muscle fibres in motor units will contract
However, if the sequence of impulses is smaller than the threshold, no muscle action will occur

Question 13

how to increase force of contraction

Answer 13

wave summation
spatial summation

Question 14

wave summation

Answer 14

repeated activation of a motor neuron stimulating a given muscle fibre results in a great force of contraction
Each time the nerve impulse reaches the muscle cell calcium is released
If there are repeated nerve impulses with no time to relax, calcium will build up. This produces a forceful sustained smooth contraction known as a tetanic contraction.

Question 15

spatial summation

Answer 15

The recruitment of additional and bigger motor units in a muscle to develop more force
Impulses are received at the same time at different places on their neuron which add up to fire the neuron
In order to delay fatigue, you can rotate the use of motor units through spatial summation

Question 16

motor unit

Answer 16

A motor neurone and its muscle fibres

Question 17

motor neurones

Answer 17

nerve cells which transmit the brains instructions as electrical impulses too muscles

Question 18

neuromuscular junction

Answer 18

where the motor neurone and muscle fibre meet

Question 19

all or none law

Answer 19

where a sequence of impulses has to be a sufficient intensity to stimulate all muscle fibres in a motor unit for them to contract

Question 20

muscle spindles

Answer 20

Detect how far and how fast a muscle is being stretched and produces the stretch reflex

Question 21

autogenic inhibition

Answer 21

sudden relaxation of the muscle in response to high tension
involves golgi tendon organs

Question 22

proprioreceptive neuromuscular facilitation

Answer 22

advanced stretching technique
one of the most effective forms of flexibility training for increasing range of motion
there are a few different techniques but the most practical is the CRAC technique

Question 23

CRAC technique

Answer 23

1 passive stretch
athlete on the floor, coach pushing leg to stretch hamstring
2 contract against resistance
isometric contraction
athlete pushes against the coach
3 relax passive stretch
athlete then relaxes and coach pushes athletes leg further

Question 24

muscle spindles

Answer 24

lie between muscle fibres
provide the CNS with info about how fast and far a muscle is being stretched known as excitory signals
the CNS sends an impulse back to the muscle telling it to contract which triggers the stretch reflex
this reflex action that causes the muscle to contract to prevent overstretching and reduces the risk of injury

Question 25

golgi tendon organs

Answer 25

between muscle fibre and tendon detect levels of tension in a muscle when the muscle is contracted isometrically in PNF they sense the increase in muscle tension and send inhibitory signals to the brain which allows the antagonist muscles to relax and lengthen

Question 26

evaluation of PNF

Answer 26

most effective way of increasing flexibility improves performance in aesthetic sports less likely to be injured during a game or training need a professional to do the stretching power athlete would not use this as it reduces power in the short term increased risk of injury