Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs; it acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air
A
nose
2
Q
partition separating the right and left nasal cavities
A
nasal septum
3
Q
air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities
A
paranasal cavities
4
Q
serves as a food and air passageway. Air enters from the nasal cavities and/or mouth and passes through the pharynx to the larynx. Food enters the pharynx from the mouth and passes into the esophagus. (also called the throat)
A
pharynx
5
Q
lymphoid tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasal cavity (also called pharyngeal tonsils)
A
adenoids
6
Q
lymphoid tissue located on the lateral wall at the junction of the oral cavity and oropharynx
A
tonsils
7
Q
location of the vocal cords. Air enters from the pharynx. (also called the voice box)
A
larynx
8
Q
flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing
A
epiglottis
9
Q
passageway for air to the bronchi from the larynx (also called the windpipe)
A
trachea
10
Q
one of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides. The branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred to as a bronchial tree.
A
bronchus
11
Q
smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree
A
bronchiole
12
Q
air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls and the capillaries. (also a term for the sockets in the jaw bones into which the teeth fit)
A
alveoli
13
Q
chest, the part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm encased by the ribs. Thoracic cavity is the hollow space between the neck and diaphragm.
A
thorax
14
Q
two spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity. The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes.
A
lungs
15
Q
double-folded, serous membrane covering each lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) with a small space between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid.
A
pleura
16
Q
space between the lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures.
A
mediastinum
17
Q
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It aids in the breathing process by contracting and pulling air in, then relaxing and pushing air out.
A
diaphragm
18
Q
adenoid/o
A
adenoids
19
Q
alveol/o
A
alveolus
20
Q
bronch/o; bronchi/o
A
bronchus
21
Q
diaphragmat/o
A
diaphragm
22
Q
epiglott/o
A
epiglottis
23
Q
laryng/o
A
larynx
24
Q
lob/o
A
lobes
25
mediastin/o
mediastinum
26
nas/o
nose
27
pharyng/o
pharynx
28
pleur/o
pleura
29
pneum/o; pneumon/o
lung/air
30
pulmon/o
lung
31
rhin/o
nose
32
sept/o
septum
33
sinus/o
sinuses
34
thorac/o
thorax; chest; chest cavity
35
tonsill/o
tonsils
36
trache/o
trachea
37
atel/o
imperfect/incomplete
38
capn/o
carbon dioxide
39
carcin/o
cancer
40
coni/o
dust
41
hem/o
blood
42
muc/o
mucus
43
myc/o
fungus
44
orth/o
straight
45
ox/i
oxygen
46
phon/o
sound/voice
47
py/o
pus
48
somn/o
sleep
49
spir/o
breathe/breathing
50
dys-
painful/abnormal/difficult
51
endo-
within
52
eu-
normal/good
53
hyper
aboveh
54
hypo-
below
55
intra-
within
56
neo-
new
57
poly-
many/much
58
tachy-
fast
59
-al/ -ary/ -ar/ -eal; -ic; -ous
pertaining to
60
-cele
hernia/protrussion
61
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
62
-centresis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
63
-ectasis
surgical fixation/fusion
64
-ectomy
excision/surgical removal
65
-emia
in the blood
66
-genic
producing/originating
67
-ia
diseased or abnormal state
68
-itis
inflammation
69
-meter
instrument used to measure
70
-metry
measurement
71
-oid
resembling
72
-plasma
growth/substance/formation
73
-plasty
surgical repair
74
-pnea
breathing
75
-ptysis
spitting/coughing
76
-rrhagia
excessive bleeding
77
-rrhea
flow/discharge
78
-scope
instrument used for visual examination
79
-scopic
pertaining to visual exam
80
-scopy
visual exam
81
-spasm
sudden involuntary movements
82
-stenosis
constriction of artificial opening
83
-throax
chest/chest cavity
84
-tomy
cut into, incision
85
inflammation of the adenoids
adenoiditis
86
inflammation of the alveoli (pulmonary or dental)
alveolitis
87
incomplete expansion (of the lung or portion of the lung)
atelectasis
88
dilation of the bronchi
bronchiectasis
89
inflammation of the bronchi
bronchitis
90
cancerous tumor originating in a bronchus (also referred to as lung cancer)
bronchogenic carcinoma
91
diseased state of the bronchi and lungs (an inflammation of the lungs that begins in the terminal bronchioles)
bronchopneumonia
92
spasmodic contraction of the bronchi
bronchospasm
93
hernia of the diaphragm
diaphragmatocele
94
inflammation of the epiglottis
epiglottitis
95
blood in the chest cavity (pleural cavity)
hemothorax
96
inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
97
spasmodic contraction of the larynx
laryngospasm
98
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi (the acute form is called croup)
laryngotracheobronchitis
99
pertaining to the lobe(s); diseased state of the lung (infection of one or more lobes of the lung)
lobar pneumonia
100
inflammation of the nose and pharynx
nasopharyngitis
101
inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis
102
inflammation of the pleura (also called pleurisy)
pleuritis
103
abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
pneumoconiosis
104
diseased state of the lung (the infection and inflammation are caused by bacteria such as Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus; viruses; and fungi)
pneumonia
105
inflammation of the lung
pneumonitis
106
air in the chest cavity (specifically, the pleural cavity, which causes collapse of the lung and is often a result of an open chest wound)
pneumothorax
107
pertaining to (in) the lung, new growth (tumor)
pulmonary neoplasm
108
pus in the chest cavity (pleural cavity) (also called empyema)
pyothorax
109
inflammation of the nose (mucous membranes)
rhinitis
110
abnormal condition of fungus in the nose
rhinomycosis
111
excessive bleeding from the nose (also called epistaxis)
rhinorrhagia
112
inflammation of the sinuses
sinusitis
113
inflammation of the tonsils
tonsillitis
114
inflammation of the trachea
tracheitis
115
narrowing of the trachea
tracheostenosis
116
respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury. ARDS is respiratory failure in an adult. Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. (also called adult respiratory distress syndrome)
acute respiratory distress syndrome
117
deprivation of oxygen for tissue use; suffocation
asphyxia
118
respiratory disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, caused by constriction and inflammation of airways that is reversible between attacks
asthma
119
progressive lung disease obstructing air flow, which makes breathing difficult. Chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema are the two main components of COPD. Most COPD is a result of cigarette smoking.
chronic obstructuive pulmonary disease (COPD)
120
fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body (also called valley fever)
coccidoioidomycosis
121
respiratory infection caused by a virus with symptoms that include fever, cough, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and digestive upset; the disease course can range from mild to severe with the possibility of ARDS and multi-system organ failure
coronavirus disease
122
condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. It may be caused by viral or bacterial infection, allergy, or foreign body. Occurs mainly in children. (also called laryngotracheobronchitis)
croup
123
hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms
cystic fibrosis
124
one part of the nasal cavity is smaller because of malformation or injury of the nasal septum
deviated septum
125
serious bacterial infection affecting the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. It creates a thick, gray sheet covering the pharynx, which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. It is rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination against the disease.
diphtheria
126
loss of elasticity of the alveoli resulting in distention causing stretching of the lung. As a result, the body does not receive enough oxygen. (component of COPD) (Fig. 5.5)
emphysema
127
nosebleed (also called rhinorrhagia)
epistaxis
128
chronic progressive lung disorder characterized by increasing scarring, which ultimately reduces the capacity of the lungs; etiology unknown. IPF most often affects adults over the age of 50. Smoking, pollutants, and heredity may play a role in its genesis. Symptoms include exertional dyspnea and a dry cough. Lung transplant may be indicated in severe cases; there is no cure.
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
129
highly contagious and often severe viral infection of the respiratory tract
influenza
130
repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to transient periods of apnea (absence of breathing); can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated blood pressure (Fig. 5.6)
obstructive sleep apnea
131
highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by a severe hacking cough, followed by an acute crowing inspiration, or whoop. It mainly affects infants too young to be vaccinated and adults whose immunity to the vaccine has faded. (also called whooping cough)
pertussis
132
fluid in the pleural cavity caused by a disease process or trauma
pleural effusion
133
fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles, most often a manifestation of heart failure
pulmonary edema
134
matter foreign to the circulation, carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number. Blood clots broken loose from the deep veins of the lower extremities are the most common cause of pulmonary embolism
pulmonary embolism
135
infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx usually caused by a virus (commonly called a cold) (Fig. 5.8)
upper respiratory infection
136
excision of the adenoids
adenoidectomy
137
surgical repair of a bronchus
bronchoplasty
138
excision of the larynx
laryngectomy
139
surgical repair of the larynx
laryngoplasty
140
creation of an artificial opening into the larynx
larngostomy
141
incision into the larynx and trachea
laryngotracheotomy
142
excision of a lobe (of the lung) (Fig. 5.9)
lobectomy
143
fusion of the pleura (procedure to remove the space between the layers lining the lung; prevents the build up of fluid such as water, blood, or pus)
pleurodesis
144
excision of a lung
pneumonectomy
145
surgical repair of the nose
rhinoplasty
146
surgical repair of the (nasal) septum
septoplasty
147
incision into a sinus
sinusotomy
148
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity (also called thoracocentesis)
thoracentesis
149
incision into the chest cavity (Fig. 5.10)
thoracotomy
150
excision of the tonsils
tonsillectomy
151
surgical repair of the trachea
tracheoplasty
152
creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
tracheostomy
153
incision into the trachea
tracheotomy
154
instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi
bronchoscope
155
visual examination of the bronchi
bronchoscopy
156
instrument used for visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
endoscope
157
pertaining to visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
endoscopic
158
visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
endoscopy
159
instrument used for visual examination of the larynx
laryngoscope
160
visual examination of the larynx
laryngoscopy
161
visual examination of the mediastinum
mediastinoscopy
162
instrument used for visual examination of the chest cavity (see Fig. 5.10)
thoracoscope
163
visual examination of the chest cavity
thoracoscopy
164
process of recording many (tests) during sleep (performed to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea [see Fig. 5.6]). Tests include electrooculography, electrocardiography, electromyography, electroencephalography, air flow monitoring, and oximetry.
polysomnography
165
instrument used to measure carbon dioxide (levels in expired gas)
capnometer
166
instrument used to measure oxygen (saturation in the blood) (Note: the combining vowel is i.)
oximeter
167
instrument used to measure breathing (or lung volumes)
spirometer
168
a measurement of breathing (or air flow)
spirometry
169
computerized radiographic images of the chest performed to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion
chest computer tomography
170
radiographic image of the chest performed to evaluate the lungs and the heart (also called a chest x-ray)
chest radiograph
171
two nuclear scan tests, one to measure air flow throughout the lungs (ventilation), and one to measure circulation to all areas of the lungs (perfusion). A V/Q scan is used most often to help diagnose or rule out a pulmonary embolism (PE).
lung ventilation /perfusion scan
172
test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which cause tuberculosis
acid-fast bacilli
173
test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and pH (acidity)
arterial blood gas
174
portable instrument used to measure air flow early in forced exhalation; helps monitor asthma and adjust medication accordingly
peak flow meter
175
group of tests performed to measure breathing capacity and used to determine external respiratory function; when abnormal, they are useful in distinguishing COPD from asthma. Some tests involve the use of a spirometer.
pulmonary function tests
176
noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip
pulse oximetry
177
the act of listening through a stethoscope for sounds within the body which are abnormal and that suggest abnormalities or disease; used for assessing and diagnosing conditions of the lungs, pleura, heart, arteries, and abdomen
auscultation
178
the act of tapping of a body surface to determine the density of the part beneath by the sound obtained. A dull sound where normally a hollow sound would be elicited indicates displacement of air by fluid or solid waste in a body space or cavity such as in a potential pleural space.
percussion
179
test performed on individuals who may have been exposed to tuberculosis. PPD (purified protein derivative) of the tuberculin bacillus is injected intradermally. Positive tests indicate previous exposure, not necessarily active tuberculosis. (also called TB skin test)
PPD skin test
180
instrument used to hear internal body sounds; used for performing auscultation and blood pressure measurement
stethoscope
181
condition of absence (less than normal level) of carbon dioxide (in the blood)
acapnia
182
condition of absence (deficiency) of oxygen
anoxia
183
condition of absence of voice
aphonia
184
absence of breathing
apnea
185
condition of difficult speaking (voice)
dysphonia
186
difficult breathing
dyspnea
187
normal breathing
eupnea
188
coughing of blood (or blood-stained sputum)
hemoptysis
189
condition of excessive carbon dioxide (in the blood)
hypercapnia
190
excessive breathing
hyperpnea
191
condition of deficient carbon dioxide (in the blood)
hypocapnia
192
deficient breathing
hypopnea
193
deficient oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia
194
condition of deficient oxygen (to the tissues)
hypoxia
195
breathing (more easily) in a straight (upright position) (indicates difficulty breathing in the supine position)
orthopnea
196
discharge from the nose (as in a cold)
rhinorrhea
197
rapid breathing
tachypnea
198
physician who studies and treats diseases of the lung
pulmonologist
199
study of the lung (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the lung)
pulmonology
200
pertaining to the alveolus
alveolar
201
pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli
bronchoalveolar
202
pertaining to the diaphragm
diaphragmatic
203
pertaining to within the trachea
endotracheal
204
pertaining to within the pleura (space between the two pleural membranes)
intrapleural
205
pertaining to the larynx
laryngeal
206
pertaining to the mediastinum
mediastinal
207
resembling mucus
mucoid
208
pertaining to mucus
mucous
209
discontinuous sounds heard primarily with a stethoscope during inspiration that resemble the sound of the rustling of cellophane; often heard at the base of the lung posteriorly in heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis (also called rales)
crackles
210
escape of fluid into tissue or body cavity
effusion
211
ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs
hyperventilation
212
ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body’s gas exchange needs
hypoventilation
213
periodic, sudden attack
paroxysm
214
low-pitched, with a snoring quality, breath sounds heard with a stethoscope suggesting secretions in the large airways
rhonchi
215
harsh, high-pitched breath sound heard on inspiration; indicates an acute laryngeal obstruction
stridor
216
whistling noise with a high pitch, caused by air flowing through narrowed airways. Commonly associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis.
wheeze
217
agent causing narrowing of the bronchi
bronchoconstrictor
218
agent causing the bronchi to widen
bronchodilator
219
device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
nebulizer
220
mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing
ventilator
221
containing both mucus and pus
mucopurulent
222
open, the opposite of closed or compromised, thus allowing passage of air, as in patent trachea and bronchi (can be applied to any tubular passageway in the body, as in a patent artery, allowing passage of blood)
patent
223
mucus from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth
sputum
224
passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs as well as a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway unobstructed
airway
225
to withdraw fluid or suction fluid; also to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract
aspirate
226
an infection acquired during hospitalization
nosocomial infection
227
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
228
CAP
community acquired pneumonia
229
CF
cystic fibrosis
230
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
231
flu
influenza
232
HAP
hospital acquired pneumonia
233
IPF
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
234
LTB
laryngotracheobronchitis
235
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
236
PE
pulmonary embolism
237
TB
tuberculosis
238
URI
upper respiratory infection
239
SOB
shortness of breath
240
ABG
arterial blood gas
241
AFB
acid fast bacilli
242
CXR
chest radiograph
243
PFM
peak flow meter
244
PFTs
pulmonary function tests
245
PSG
polysomnography
246
VBG
venous blood gas
247
V/Q scan
lung ventilation/perfusion scan
248
LLL
left lower lobe
249
LUL
left upper lobe
250
RLL
right lower lobe
251
RML
right middle lobe
252
RUL
right upper lobe
253
