Respiratory System Flashcards
lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs; it acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air
nose
partition separating the right and left nasal cavities
nasal septum
air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities
paranasal cavities
serves as a food and air passageway. Air enters from the nasal cavities and/or mouth and passes through the pharynx to the larynx. Food enters the pharynx from the mouth and passes into the esophagus. (also called the throat)
pharynx
lymphoid tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasal cavity (also called pharyngeal tonsils)
adenoids
lymphoid tissue located on the lateral wall at the junction of the oral cavity and oropharynx
tonsils
location of the vocal cords. Air enters from the pharynx. (also called the voice box)
larynx
flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing
epiglottis
passageway for air to the bronchi from the larynx (also called the windpipe)
trachea
one of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides. The branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred to as a bronchial tree.
bronchus
smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree
bronchiole
air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls and the capillaries. (also a term for the sockets in the jaw bones into which the teeth fit)
alveoli
chest, the part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm encased by the ribs. Thoracic cavity is the hollow space between the neck and diaphragm.
thorax
two spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity. The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes.
lungs
double-folded, serous membrane covering each lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) with a small space between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid.
pleura
space between the lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures.
mediastinum
muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It aids in the breathing process by contracting and pulling air in, then relaxing and pushing air out.
diaphragm
adenoid/o
adenoids
alveol/o
alveolus
bronch/o; bronchi/o
bronchus
diaphragmat/o
diaphragm
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx
lob/o
lobes
mediastin/o
mediastinum
nas/o
nose
pharyng/o
pharynx
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o; pneumon/o
lung/air
pulmon/o
lung
rhin/o
nose
sept/o
septum
sinus/o
sinuses
thorac/o
thorax; chest; chest cavity
tonsill/o
tonsils
trache/o
trachea
atel/o
imperfect/incomplete
capn/o
carbon dioxide
carcin/o
cancer
coni/o
dust
hem/o
blood
muc/o
mucus
myc/o
fungus
orth/o
straight
ox/i
oxygen
phon/o
sound/voice
py/o
pus
somn/o
sleep
spir/o
breathe/breathing
dys-
painful/abnormal/difficult
endo-
within
eu-
normal/good
hyper
aboveh
hypo-
below
intra-
within
neo-
new
poly-
many/much
tachy-
fast
-al/ -ary/ -ar/ -eal; -ic; -ous
pertaining to
-cele
hernia/protrussion
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
-centresis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
-ectasis
surgical fixation/fusion
-ectomy
excision/surgical removal
-emia
in the blood
-genic
producing/originating
-ia
diseased or abnormal state
-itis
inflammation
-meter
instrument used to measure
-metry
measurement
-oid
resembling
-plasma
growth/substance/formation
-plasty
surgical repair
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting/coughing
-rrhagia
excessive bleeding
-rrhea
flow/discharge
-scope
instrument used for visual examination
-scopic
pertaining to visual exam
-scopy
visual exam
-spasm
sudden involuntary movements
-stenosis
constriction of artificial opening
-throax
chest/chest cavity
-tomy
cut into, incision
inflammation of the adenoids
adenoiditis
inflammation of the alveoli (pulmonary or dental)
alveolitis
incomplete expansion (of the lung or portion of the lung)
atelectasis
dilation of the bronchi
bronchiectasis
inflammation of the bronchi
bronchitis
cancerous tumor originating in a bronchus (also referred to as lung cancer)
bronchogenic carcinoma
diseased state of the bronchi and lungs (an inflammation of the lungs that begins in the terminal bronchioles)
bronchopneumonia
spasmodic contraction of the bronchi
bronchospasm
hernia of the diaphragm
diaphragmatocele
inflammation of the epiglottis
epiglottitis
blood in the chest cavity (pleural cavity)
hemothorax
inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
spasmodic contraction of the larynx
laryngospasm
inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi (the acute form is called croup)
laryngotracheobronchitis
pertaining to the lobe(s); diseased state of the lung (infection of one or more lobes of the lung)
lobar pneumonia
inflammation of the nose and pharynx
nasopharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx
pharyngitis
inflammation of the pleura (also called pleurisy)
pleuritis
abnormal condition of dust in the lungs
pneumoconiosis
diseased state of the lung (the infection and inflammation are caused by bacteria such as Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus; viruses; and fungi)
pneumonia
inflammation of the lung
pneumonitis
air in the chest cavity (specifically, the pleural cavity, which causes collapse of the lung and is often a result of an open chest wound)
pneumothorax
pertaining to (in) the lung, new growth (tumor)
pulmonary neoplasm
pus in the chest cavity (pleural cavity) (also called empyema)
pyothorax
inflammation of the nose (mucous membranes)
rhinitis
abnormal condition of fungus in the nose
rhinomycosis
excessive bleeding from the nose (also called epistaxis)
rhinorrhagia
inflammation of the sinuses
sinusitis
inflammation of the tonsils
tonsillitis
inflammation of the trachea
tracheitis
narrowing of the trachea
tracheostenosis
respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury. ARDS is respiratory failure in an adult. Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. (also called adult respiratory distress syndrome)
acute respiratory distress syndrome
deprivation of oxygen for tissue use; suffocation
asphyxia
respiratory disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, caused by constriction and inflammation of airways that is reversible between attacks
asthma
progressive lung disease obstructing air flow, which makes breathing difficult. Chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema are the two main components of COPD. Most COPD is a result of cigarette smoking.
chronic obstructuive pulmonary disease (COPD)
fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body (also called valley fever)
coccidoioidomycosis
respiratory infection caused by a virus with symptoms that include fever, cough, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and digestive upset; the disease course can range from mild to severe with the possibility of ARDS and multi-system organ failure
coronavirus disease
condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. It may be caused by viral or bacterial infection, allergy, or foreign body. Occurs mainly in children. (also called laryngotracheobronchitis)
croup
hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms
cystic fibrosis
one part of the nasal cavity is smaller because of malformation or injury of the nasal septum
deviated septum
serious bacterial infection affecting the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. It creates a thick, gray sheet covering the pharynx, which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. It is rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination against the disease.
diphtheria
loss of elasticity of the alveoli resulting in distention causing stretching of the lung. As a result, the body does not receive enough oxygen. (component of COPD) (Fig. 5.5)
emphysema
nosebleed (also called rhinorrhagia)
epistaxis
chronic progressive lung disorder characterized by increasing scarring, which ultimately reduces the capacity of the lungs; etiology unknown. IPF most often affects adults over the age of 50. Smoking, pollutants, and heredity may play a role in its genesis. Symptoms include exertional dyspnea and a dry cough. Lung transplant may be indicated in severe cases; there is no cure.
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)
highly contagious and often severe viral infection of the respiratory tract
influenza
repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to transient periods of apnea (absence of breathing); can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated blood pressure (Fig. 5.6)
obstructive sleep apnea
highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by a severe hacking cough, followed by an acute crowing inspiration, or whoop. It mainly affects infants too young to be vaccinated and adults whose immunity to the vaccine has faded. (also called whooping cough)
pertussis
fluid in the pleural cavity caused by a disease process or trauma
pleural effusion
fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles, most often a manifestation of heart failure
pulmonary edema
matter foreign to the circulation, carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number. Blood clots broken loose from the deep veins of the lower extremities are the most common cause of pulmonary embolism
pulmonary embolism
infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx usually caused by a virus (commonly called a cold) (Fig. 5.8)
upper respiratory infection
excision of the adenoids
adenoidectomy
surgical repair of a bronchus
bronchoplasty
excision of the larynx
laryngectomy
surgical repair of the larynx
laryngoplasty
creation of an artificial opening into the larynx
larngostomy
incision into the larynx and trachea
laryngotracheotomy
excision of a lobe (of the lung) (Fig. 5.9)
lobectomy
fusion of the pleura (procedure to remove the space between the layers lining the lung; prevents the build up of fluid such as water, blood, or pus)
pleurodesis
excision of a lung
pneumonectomy
surgical repair of the nose
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the (nasal) septum
septoplasty
incision into a sinus
sinusotomy
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity (also called thoracocentesis)
thoracentesis
incision into the chest cavity (Fig. 5.10)
thoracotomy
excision of the tonsils
tonsillectomy
surgical repair of the trachea
tracheoplasty
creation of an artificial opening into the trachea
tracheostomy
incision into the trachea
tracheotomy
instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi
bronchoscope
visual examination of the bronchi
bronchoscopy
instrument used for visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
endoscope
pertaining to visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
endoscopic
visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)
endoscopy
instrument used for visual examination of the larynx
laryngoscope
visual examination of the larynx
laryngoscopy
visual examination of the mediastinum
mediastinoscopy
instrument used for visual examination of the chest cavity (see Fig. 5.10)
thoracoscope
visual examination of the chest cavity
thoracoscopy
process of recording many (tests) during sleep (performed to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea [see Fig. 5.6]). Tests include electrooculography, electrocardiography, electromyography, electroencephalography, air flow monitoring, and oximetry.
polysomnography
instrument used to measure carbon dioxide (levels in expired gas)
capnometer
instrument used to measure oxygen (saturation in the blood) (Note: the combining vowel is i.)
oximeter
instrument used to measure breathing (or lung volumes)
spirometer
a measurement of breathing (or air flow)
spirometry
computerized radiographic images of the chest performed to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion
chest computer tomography
radiographic image of the chest performed to evaluate the lungs and the heart (also called a chest x-ray)
chest radiograph
two nuclear scan tests, one to measure air flow throughout the lungs (ventilation), and one to measure circulation to all areas of the lungs (perfusion). A V/Q scan is used most often to help diagnose or rule out a pulmonary embolism (PE).
lung ventilation /perfusion scan
test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which cause tuberculosis
acid-fast bacilli
test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and pH (acidity)
arterial blood gas
portable instrument used to measure air flow early in forced exhalation; helps monitor asthma and adjust medication accordingly
peak flow meter
group of tests performed to measure breathing capacity and used to determine external respiratory function; when abnormal, they are useful in distinguishing COPD from asthma. Some tests involve the use of a spirometer.
pulmonary function tests
noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip
pulse oximetry
the act of listening through a stethoscope for sounds within the body which are abnormal and that suggest abnormalities or disease; used for assessing and diagnosing conditions of the lungs, pleura, heart, arteries, and abdomen
auscultation
the act of tapping of a body surface to determine the density of the part beneath by the sound obtained. A dull sound where normally a hollow sound would be elicited indicates displacement of air by fluid or solid waste in a body space or cavity such as in a potential pleural space.
percussion
test performed on individuals who may have been exposed to tuberculosis. PPD (purified protein derivative) of the tuberculin bacillus is injected intradermally. Positive tests indicate previous exposure, not necessarily active tuberculosis. (also called TB skin test)
PPD skin test
instrument used to hear internal body sounds; used for performing auscultation and blood pressure measurement
stethoscope
condition of absence (less than normal level) of carbon dioxide (in the blood)
acapnia
condition of absence (deficiency) of oxygen
anoxia
condition of absence of voice
aphonia
absence of breathing
apnea
condition of difficult speaking (voice)
dysphonia
difficult breathing
dyspnea
normal breathing
eupnea
coughing of blood (or blood-stained sputum)
hemoptysis
condition of excessive carbon dioxide (in the blood)
hypercapnia
excessive breathing
hyperpnea
condition of deficient carbon dioxide (in the blood)
hypocapnia
deficient breathing
hypopnea
deficient oxygen in the blood
hypoxemia
condition of deficient oxygen (to the tissues)
hypoxia
breathing (more easily) in a straight (upright position) (indicates difficulty breathing in the supine position)
orthopnea
discharge from the nose (as in a cold)
rhinorrhea
rapid breathing
tachypnea
physician who studies and treats diseases of the lung
pulmonologist
study of the lung (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the lung)
pulmonology
pertaining to the alveolus
alveolar
pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli
bronchoalveolar
pertaining to the diaphragm
diaphragmatic
pertaining to within the trachea
endotracheal
pertaining to within the pleura (space between the two pleural membranes)
intrapleural
pertaining to the larynx
laryngeal
pertaining to the mediastinum
mediastinal
resembling mucus
mucoid
pertaining to mucus
mucous
discontinuous sounds heard primarily with a stethoscope during inspiration that resemble the sound of the rustling of cellophane; often heard at the base of the lung posteriorly in heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis (also called rales)
crackles
escape of fluid into tissue or body cavity
effusion
ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs
hyperventilation
ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body’s gas exchange needs
hypoventilation
periodic, sudden attack
paroxysm
low-pitched, with a snoring quality, breath sounds heard with a stethoscope suggesting secretions in the large airways
rhonchi
harsh, high-pitched breath sound heard on inspiration; indicates an acute laryngeal obstruction
stridor
whistling noise with a high pitch, caused by air flowing through narrowed airways. Commonly associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis.
wheeze
agent causing narrowing of the bronchi
bronchoconstrictor
agent causing the bronchi to widen
bronchodilator
device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment
nebulizer
mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing
ventilator
containing both mucus and pus
mucopurulent
open, the opposite of closed or compromised, thus allowing passage of air, as in patent trachea and bronchi (can be applied to any tubular passageway in the body, as in a patent artery, allowing passage of blood)
patent
mucus from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth
sputum
passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs as well as a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway unobstructed
airway
to withdraw fluid or suction fluid; also to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract
aspirate
an infection acquired during hospitalization
nosocomial infection
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
CAP
community acquired pneumonia
CF
cystic fibrosis
COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
flu
influenza
HAP
hospital acquired pneumonia
IPF
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
LTB
laryngotracheobronchitis
OSA
obstructive sleep apnea
PE
pulmonary embolism
TB
tuberculosis
URI
upper respiratory infection
SOB
shortness of breath
ABG
arterial blood gas
AFB
acid fast bacilli
CXR
chest radiograph
PFM
peak flow meter
PFTs
pulmonary function tests
PSG
polysomnography
VBG
venous blood gas
V/Q scan
lung ventilation/perfusion scan
LLL
left lower lobe
LUL
left upper lobe
RLL
right lower lobe
RML
right middle lobe
RUL
right upper lobe
