Respiratory System Flashcards by Emma Brzezinski

lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs; it acts as a filter to moisten and warm the entering air

nose

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partition separating the right and left nasal cavities

nasal septum

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air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities

paranasal cavities

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serves as a food and air passageway. Air enters from the nasal cavities and/or mouth and passes through the pharynx to the larynx. Food enters the pharynx from the mouth and passes into the esophagus. (also called the throat)

pharynx

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lymphoid tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasal cavity (also called pharyngeal tonsils)

adenoids

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lymphoid tissue located on the lateral wall at the junction of the oral cavity and oropharynx

tonsils

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location of the vocal cords. Air enters from the pharynx. (also called the voice box)

larynx

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flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing

epiglottis

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passageway for air to the bronchi from the larynx (also called the windpipe)

trachea

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one of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subdivides. The branchings resemble a tree; therefore, they are referred to as a bronchial tree.

bronchus

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smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree

bronchiole

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air sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through the alveolar walls and the capillaries. (also a term for the sockets in the jaw bones into which the teeth fit)

alveoli

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chest, the part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm encased by the ribs. Thoracic cavity is the hollow space between the neck and diaphragm.

thorax

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two spongelike organs in the thoracic cavity. The right lung consists of three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes.

lungs

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double-folded, serous membrane covering each lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) with a small space between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid.

pleura

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space between the lungs. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, great blood vessels, and other structures.

mediastinum

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muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It aids in the breathing process by contracting and pulling air in, then relaxing and pushing air out.

diaphragm

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adenoid/o

adenoids

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alveol/o

alveolus

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bronch/o; bronchi/o

bronchus

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diaphragmat/o

diaphragm

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epiglott/o

epiglottis

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laryng/o

larynx

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lob/o

lobes

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mediastin/o

mediastinum

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nas/o

nose

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pharyng/o

pharynx

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pleur/o

pleura

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pneum/o; pneumon/o

lung/air

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pulmon/o

lung

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rhin/o

nose

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sept/o

septum

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sinus/o

sinuses

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thorac/o

thorax; chest; chest cavity

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tonsill/o

tonsils

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trache/o

trachea

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atel/o

imperfect/incomplete

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capn/o

carbon dioxide

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carcin/o

cancer

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coni/o

dust

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hem/o

blood

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muc/o

mucus

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myc/o

fungus

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orth/o

straight

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ox/i

oxygen

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phon/o

sound/voice

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py/o

pus

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somn/o

sleep

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spir/o

breathe/breathing

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dys-

painful/abnormal/difficult

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endo-

within

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eu-

normal/good

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hyper

aboveh

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hypo-

below

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intra-

within

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neo-

new

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poly-

many/much

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tachy-

fast

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-al/ -ary/ -ar/ -eal; -ic; -ous

pertaining to

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-cele

hernia/protrussion

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-desis

surgical fixation, fusion

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-centresis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

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-ectasis

surgical fixation/fusion

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-ectomy

excision/surgical removal

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-emia

in the blood

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-genic

producing/originating

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-ia

diseased or abnormal state

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-itis

inflammation

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-meter

instrument used to measure

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-metry

measurement

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-oid

resembling

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-plasma

growth/substance/formation

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-plasty

surgical repair

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-pnea

breathing

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-ptysis

spitting/coughing

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-rrhagia

excessive bleeding

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-rrhea

flow/discharge

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-scope

instrument used for visual examination

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-scopic

pertaining to visual exam

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-scopy

visual exam

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-spasm

sudden involuntary movements

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-stenosis

constriction of artificial opening

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-throax

chest/chest cavity

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-tomy

cut into, incision

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inflammation of the adenoids

adenoiditis

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inflammation of the alveoli (pulmonary or dental)

alveolitis

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incomplete expansion (of the lung or portion of the lung)

atelectasis

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dilation of the bronchi

bronchiectasis

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inflammation of the bronchi

bronchitis

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cancerous tumor originating in a bronchus (also referred to as lung cancer)

bronchogenic carcinoma

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diseased state of the bronchi and lungs (an inflammation of the lungs that begins in the terminal bronchioles)

bronchopneumonia

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spasmodic contraction of the bronchi

bronchospasm

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hernia of the diaphragm

diaphragmatocele

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inflammation of the epiglottis

epiglottitis

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blood in the chest cavity (pleural cavity)

hemothorax

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inflammation of the larynx

laryngitis

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spasmodic contraction of the larynx

laryngospasm

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inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi (the acute form is called croup)

laryngotracheobronchitis

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pertaining to the lobe(s); diseased state of the lung (infection of one or more lobes of the lung)

lobar pneumonia

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inflammation of the nose and pharynx

nasopharyngitis

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inflammation of the pharynx

pharyngitis

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inflammation of the pleura (also called pleurisy)

pleuritis

abnormal condition of dust in the lungs

pneumoconiosis

diseased state of the lung (the infection and inflammation are caused by bacteria such as Pneumococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Haemophilus; viruses; and fungi)

pneumonia

inflammation of the lung

pneumonitis

air in the chest cavity (specifically, the pleural cavity, which causes collapse of the lung and is often a result of an open chest wound)

pneumothorax

pertaining to (in) the lung, new growth (tumor)

pulmonary neoplasm

pus in the chest cavity (pleural cavity) (also called empyema)

pyothorax

inflammation of the nose (mucous membranes)

rhinitis

abnormal condition of fungus in the nose

rhinomycosis

excessive bleeding from the nose (also called epistaxis)

rhinorrhagia

inflammation of the sinuses

sinusitis

inflammation of the tonsils

tonsillitis

inflammation of the trachea

tracheitis

narrowing of the trachea

tracheostenosis

respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury. ARDS is respiratory failure in an adult. Symptoms include dyspnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. (also called adult respiratory distress syndrome)

acute respiratory distress syndrome

deprivation of oxygen for tissue use; suffocation

asphyxia

respiratory disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, caused by constriction and inflammation of airways that is reversible between attacks

asthma

progressive lung disease obstructing air flow, which makes breathing difficult. Chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema are the two main components of COPD. Most COPD is a result of cigarette smoking.

chronic obstructuive pulmonary disease (COPD)

fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body (also called valley fever)

coccidoioidomycosis

respiratory infection caused by a virus with symptoms that include fever, cough, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and digestive upset; the disease course can range from mild to severe with the possibility of ARDS and multi-system organ failure

coronavirus disease

condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor. It may be caused by viral or bacterial infection, allergy, or foreign body. Occurs mainly in children. (also called laryngotracheobronchitis)

croup

hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms

cystic fibrosis

one part of the nasal cavity is smaller because of malformation or injury of the nasal septum

deviated septum

serious bacterial infection affecting the mucous membranes of the nose and throat. It creates a thick, gray sheet covering the pharynx, which can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. It is rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination against the disease.

diphtheria

loss of elasticity of the alveoli resulting in distention causing stretching of the lung. As a result, the body does not receive enough oxygen. (component of COPD) (Fig. 5.5)

emphysema

nosebleed (also called rhinorrhagia)

epistaxis

chronic progressive lung disorder characterized by increasing scarring, which ultimately reduces the capacity of the lungs; etiology unknown. IPF most often affects adults over the age of 50. Smoking, pollutants, and heredity may play a role in its genesis. Symptoms include exertional dyspnea and a dry cough. Lung transplant may be indicated in severe cases; there is no cure.

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)

highly contagious and often severe viral infection of the respiratory tract

influenza

repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to transient periods of apnea (absence of breathing); can produce daytime drowsiness and elevated blood pressure (Fig. 5.6)

obstructive sleep apnea

highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by a severe hacking cough, followed by an acute crowing inspiration, or whoop. It mainly affects infants too young to be vaccinated and adults whose immunity to the vaccine has faded. (also called whooping cough)

pertussis

fluid in the pleural cavity caused by a disease process or trauma

pleural effusion

fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles, most often a manifestation of heart failure

pulmonary edema

matter foreign to the circulation, carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number. Blood clots broken loose from the deep veins of the lower extremities are the most common cause of pulmonary embolism

pulmonary embolism

infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx usually caused by a virus (commonly called a cold) (Fig. 5.8)

upper respiratory infection

excision of the adenoids

adenoidectomy

surgical repair of a bronchus

bronchoplasty

excision of the larynx

laryngectomy

surgical repair of the larynx

laryngoplasty

creation of an artificial opening into the larynx

larngostomy

incision into the larynx and trachea

laryngotracheotomy

excision of a lobe (of the lung) (Fig. 5.9)

lobectomy

fusion of the pleura (procedure to remove the space between the layers lining the lung; prevents the build up of fluid such as water, blood, or pus)

pleurodesis

excision of a lung

pneumonectomy

surgical repair of the nose

rhinoplasty

surgical repair of the (nasal) septum

septoplasty

incision into a sinus

sinusotomy

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the chest cavity (also called thoracocentesis)

thoracentesis

incision into the chest cavity (Fig. 5.10)

thoracotomy

excision of the tonsils

tonsillectomy

surgical repair of the trachea

tracheoplasty

creation of an artificial opening into the trachea

tracheostomy

incision into the trachea

tracheotomy

instrument used for visual examination of the bronchi

bronchoscope

visual examination of the bronchi

bronchoscopy

instrument used for visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)

endoscope

pertaining to visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)

endoscopic

visual examination within (a hollow organ or body cavity)

endoscopy

instrument used for visual examination of the larynx

laryngoscope

visual examination of the larynx

laryngoscopy

visual examination of the mediastinum

mediastinoscopy

instrument used for visual examination of the chest cavity (see Fig. 5.10)

thoracoscope

visual examination of the chest cavity

thoracoscopy

process of recording many (tests) during sleep (performed to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea [see Fig. 5.6]). Tests include electrooculography, electrocardiography, electromyography, electroencephalography, air flow monitoring, and oximetry.

polysomnography

instrument used to measure carbon dioxide (levels in expired gas)

capnometer

instrument used to measure oxygen (saturation in the blood) (Note: the combining vowel is i.)

oximeter

instrument used to measure breathing (or lung volumes)

spirometer

a measurement of breathing (or air flow)

spirometry

computerized radiographic images of the chest performed to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion

chest computer tomography

radiographic image of the chest performed to evaluate the lungs and the heart (also called a chest x-ray)

chest radiograph

two nuclear scan tests, one to measure air flow throughout the lungs (ventilation), and one to measure circulation to all areas of the lungs (perfusion). A V/Q scan is used most often to help diagnose or rule out a pulmonary embolism (PE).

lung ventilation /perfusion scan

test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which cause tuberculosis

acid-fast bacilli

test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and pH (acidity)

arterial blood gas

portable instrument used to measure air flow early in forced exhalation; helps monitor asthma and adjust medication accordingly

peak flow meter

group of tests performed to measure breathing capacity and used to determine external respiratory function; when abnormal, they are useful in distinguishing COPD from asthma. Some tests involve the use of a spirometer.

pulmonary function tests

noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip

pulse oximetry

the act of listening through a stethoscope for sounds within the body which are abnormal and that suggest abnormalities or disease; used for assessing and diagnosing conditions of the lungs, pleura, heart, arteries, and abdomen

auscultation

the act of tapping of a body surface to determine the density of the part beneath by the sound obtained. A dull sound where normally a hollow sound would be elicited indicates displacement of air by fluid or solid waste in a body space or cavity such as in a potential pleural space.

percussion

test performed on individuals who may have been exposed to tuberculosis. PPD (purified protein derivative) of the tuberculin bacillus is injected intradermally. Positive tests indicate previous exposure, not necessarily active tuberculosis. (also called TB skin test)

PPD skin test

instrument used to hear internal body sounds; used for performing auscultation and blood pressure measurement

stethoscope

condition of absence (less than normal level) of carbon dioxide (in the blood)

acapnia

condition of absence (deficiency) of oxygen

anoxia

condition of absence of voice

aphonia

absence of breathing

apnea

condition of difficult speaking (voice)

dysphonia

difficult breathing

dyspnea

normal breathing

eupnea

coughing of blood (or blood-stained sputum)

hemoptysis

condition of excessive carbon dioxide (in the blood)

hypercapnia

excessive breathing

hyperpnea

condition of deficient carbon dioxide (in the blood)

hypocapnia

deficient breathing

hypopnea

deficient oxygen in the blood

hypoxemia

condition of deficient oxygen (to the tissues)

hypoxia

breathing (more easily) in a straight (upright position) (indicates difficulty breathing in the supine position)

orthopnea

discharge from the nose (as in a cold)

rhinorrhea

rapid breathing

tachypnea

physician who studies and treats diseases of the lung

pulmonologist

study of the lung (a branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the lung)

pulmonology

pertaining to the alveolus

alveolar

pertaining to the bronchi and alveoli

bronchoalveolar

pertaining to the diaphragm

diaphragmatic

pertaining to within the trachea

endotracheal

pertaining to within the pleura (space between the two pleural membranes)

intrapleural

pertaining to the larynx

laryngeal

pertaining to the mediastinum

mediastinal

resembling mucus

mucoid

pertaining to mucus

mucous

discontinuous sounds heard primarily with a stethoscope during inspiration that resemble the sound of the rustling of cellophane; often heard at the base of the lung posteriorly in heart failure, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis (also called rales)

crackles

escape of fluid into tissue or body cavity

effusion

ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs

hyperventilation

ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body’s gas exchange needs

hypoventilation

periodic, sudden attack

paroxysm

low-pitched, with a snoring quality, breath sounds heard with a stethoscope suggesting secretions in the large airways

rhonchi

harsh, high-pitched breath sound heard on inspiration; indicates an acute laryngeal obstruction

stridor

whistling noise with a high pitch, caused by air flowing through narrowed airways. Commonly associated with asthma and chronic bronchitis.

wheeze

agent causing narrowing of the bronchi

bronchoconstrictor

agent causing the bronchi to widen

bronchodilator

device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment

nebulizer

mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing

ventilator

containing both mucus and pus

mucopurulent

open, the opposite of closed or compromised, thus allowing passage of air, as in patent trachea and bronchi (can be applied to any tubular passageway in the body, as in a patent artery, allowing passage of blood)

patent

mucus from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth

sputum

passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs as well as a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway unobstructed

airway

to withdraw fluid or suction fluid; also to draw foreign material into the respiratory tract

aspirate

an infection acquired during hospitalization

nosocomial infection

ARDS

acute respiratory distress syndrome

CAP

community acquired pneumonia

cystic fibrosis

COPD

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

flu

influenza

HAP

hospital acquired pneumonia

IPF

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

LTB

laryngotracheobronchitis

OSA

obstructive sleep apnea

pulmonary embolism

tuberculosis

URI

upper respiratory infection

SOB

shortness of breath

ABG

arterial blood gas

AFB

acid fast bacilli

CXR

chest radiograph

PFM

peak flow meter

PFTs

pulmonary function tests

PSG

polysomnography

VBG

venous blood gas

V/Q scan

lung ventilation/perfusion scan

LLL

left lower lobe

LUL

left upper lobe

RLL

right lower lobe

RML

right middle lobe

RUL

right upper lobe

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Respiratory System Flashcards

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