Musculoskeletal Flashcards by Emma Brzezinski

organ made up of hard connective tissue with a dense outer layer and spongy inner layer

bone

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dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum

compact bone

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outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue

periosteum

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contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone (also called spongy bone)

cancellous bone

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membranous lining of hollow cavity of bone

endosteum

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shaft of long bone

diaphysis

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end of each long bone

epiphysis

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material found in bone cavities

bone marrow

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thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

red marrow

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soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

yellow marrow

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upper jaw bone

maxilla

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lower jawbone

mandible

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made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (s.) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles.

vertebral column

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first set of seven vertebrae, forming the neck

cervical vertebrae (c1-c7)

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second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine.

thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)

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third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)

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next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones, forming joints called the sacroiliac joints

sacrum

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four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

coccyx

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flat plates of bone that form the vertebral arch, the posterior portion of the spinal canal

laminae (lamina)

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collarbone

clavicle

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shoulder blade

scapula

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extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder

acromio process

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breastbone

sternum

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lower portion of the sternum

xiphoid process

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upper arm bone

humerus

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lower arm bones

radius/ulna

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projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow

olecranon process

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wrist bones

carpal bones

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hand bones (also called metacarpus)

metacarpal

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finger and toe bones

phalanx ( phalanges)

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made up of three bones fused together (also called pelvic bones and hip bones)

pelvis

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lower, posterior portion of pelvis on which one sits

ischium

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upper wing shaped part on each side of pelvis

ilium

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anterior portion of the pelvis

pubis

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large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur

acetabulum

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upper leg bone

femur

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lower leg bones

tibia/fibula

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kneecap

patella

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ankle bones

tarsal bones

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heel bone

calcaneus

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foot bones

metatarsals

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junction of two or more bones, which often allows for movement of these bones (also called articulation)

joint

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firm connective tissue primarily found in joints. Articular cartilage covers the contacting surfaces of bones.

cartilage

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crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee

meniscus

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cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine

intervertebral discs

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cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline

pubis symphysis

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fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae, and around tendons

synovia

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fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

bursa

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flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint

ligament

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band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

ligament

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strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

aponeurosis

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tissue composed of specialized cells with the ability to contract to produce movement; the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

muscle

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band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscles and separates their layers

fascia

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attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles. Alternating dark and light bands create striations (stripes). (also called striated muscles

skeletal muscle

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located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also known as involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily. (also called unstriated muscles)

smooth muscle

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forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat. (also called myocardium)

cardiac muscle

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carp/o

carpals

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clavicul/o

clavicle

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cost/o

rib

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crani/o

cranium

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femor/o

femur

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fibul/o

fibula

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humer/o

humerus

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ili/o

ilium

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ischi/o

ischium

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lumb/o

lumbar / loin

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mandibul/o

mandiblem

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maxill/o

maxilla

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myel/o

bone marrow

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oste/o

bone

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patell/o

patella

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pelv/i

pelvis/ pelvic cavity

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phalang/o

phalanx/phalanges

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pub/o

pubis

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rachi/o

vertebra

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radi/o

radius

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sacr/o

sacrum

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scapul/o

scapula

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stern/o

sternum

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tars/o

tarsals

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tibi/o

tibia

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uln/o

ulna

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vertebr/o

vertebrae

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arthr/o

joint

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burs/o

bursa

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chondr/o

cartilage

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disc/o

intervertebral disc

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fasci/o

fascia

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lamin/o

lamina

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menisc/o

meniscus

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my/o

muscle

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myos/o

muscle

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synovi/o

synovia/synovial membrane

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tendin/o or ten/o

tendon

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ankyl/o

stiff/bent

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electr/o

electicity

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hem/o

blood

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kineisi/o

movement/motion

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kyph/o

hump

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lord/o

bent forward

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necr/o

death

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petr/o or lith/o

stone

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sarc/o

flesh/connective tissue

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scoli/o

lateral curved spine

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absent

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brady-

slow

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dys-

painful/abnormal/difficult/labored

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hyper-

above/excessive

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inter-

between

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intra-

within

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micro-

small

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poly

many, much

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sub-

under, below

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supra-

above

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syn-

together, joined

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-ac; -al; -ar; -ary; -eal

pertaining to

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-algia

pain

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-asthenia

weakness

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-centesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid

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-desis

surgical fixation, fusion

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-ectomy

excision/ surgical removal

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-gram -graphy

radiographic image

-ia

diseased or abnormal state

-ic

pertaining to

-itis

inflammation

-malacia

softening

-oma

tumor

-osis

abnormal condition

-penia

abnormal reduction in number

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhaphy

suturing/repairing

-sarcoma

malignant tumor

-schisis

split/fissure

-tomy

cut into/incision

-trophy

nourishment/development

abnormal condition of stiffness (often referring to fusion of a joint, such as the result of chronic rheumatoid arthritis)

ankylosis

inflammation of a joint (The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.)

arthritis

inflammation of bursa

bursitis

softening of cartilage

chondromalacia

malignant tumor of cartilage

chondrosarcoma

fissure of the cranium

cranioschisis

inflammation of an intervertebral disc

discitis

nflammation of the fascia (connective tissue enclosing and separating muscle layers)

fasciitis

pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep)

fibromyalgia

abnormal condition of a hump in spine (humpback)

kyphosis

abnormal condition of bending forward (in the lumbar spine) (also called swayback)

lordosis

inflammation of a meniscus

meniscitis

muscle weakness

myasthenia

tumor of bone marrow

myeloma

inflammation of the bone

osteitis

inflammation of the bone and joint

osteoarthritis (OA)

inflammation of the bone and cartilage

osteochondritis

tumor composed of bone and cartilage (benign)

osteochondroma

softening of bone

osteomalacia

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

osteomyelitis

abnormal condition of bone death (due to lack of blood supply)

osteonecrosis

abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)

osteopenia

abnormal condition of stonelike bones (very dense bones caused by defective resorption of bone)

osteopetrosis

malignant tumor of bone

osteosarcoma

inflammation of many muscles

polymyositis

fissure of the vertebral column

rachischitis

dissolution of striated muscle (caused by trauma, extreme exertion, or drug toxicity; in severe cases renal failure can result)

rhabdomyolysis

abnormal reduction of connective tissue (such as loss of skeletal muscle mass in the elderly)

sarcopenia

abnormal condition of (lateral) curved (spine)

scoliosis

inflammation of the vertebral joints (also called spondyloarthritis)

spondylarthritis

abnormal condition of the vertebrae (a general term used to describe changes to the spine from osteoarthritis or ankylosis)

spondylosis

malignant tumor of the synovial membrane

synoviosarcoma

inflammation of a tendon (also spelled tendonitis)

tendinitis

inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane (Note: the i in synovi is dropped because the suffix begins with an i.)

tenosynovitis

form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine (also called Strümpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatoid spondylitis)

ankylosing spondylitis

abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes. (also called hallux valgus)

bunion

common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve; symptoms include pain and tingling in portions of the hand and fingers

carpal tunnel syndrome

painful condition caused by increased pressure within a muscle that can lead to ischemia; acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency and is caused by severe injury

compartment syndrome

displacement of bones in a joint from their normal alignment (also called luxation)

dislocation

abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (also called spur)

exostosis

broken bones

fracture

collection of jellylike fluid forming a benign mass arising from joints, most commonly appearing in the wrist, hand, and ankle

ganglion cyst

disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, producing arthritis. The great toe is frequently affected.

gout

rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])

herniated disc

infection caused by a bite from a deer tick infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacterium provokes an immune response in the body, the symptoms of which can mimic several musculoskeletal diseases. Patients may experience fever, headache, and joint pain. A rash (target lesion) may initially arise at the site of the tick bite.

Lyme disease

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

muscular dystrophy (MD)

chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx, and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.

myasthenia gravis (MG)

abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women)

osteoporosis

inflammation of the connective tissue of the sole of the foot (plantar fascia) due to repetitive injury; common cause of heel pain

plantar fasciitis

cumulative damage to joint, muscle, or other tissue caused by movements performed over and over again; characterized by pain, swelling, numbness, and lack of strength and flexibility, most commonly affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders

repetitive strain injury (RSI)

chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

damage to one or more of the four tendons stabilizing the shoulder joint due to injury or degeneration; symptoms may include pain, limited range of motion, and muscle weakness

rotator cuff disease

narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is either congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in the lower extremities.

spinal stenosis

forward slipping of one vertebra over another

spondylolisthesis

abnormal stretching or tearing of a ligament that supports a joint

sprain

abnormal stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon

strain

partial dislocation of bones in a joint

subluxation

painful foot disorder caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it passes through the ankle

tarsal tunnel syndrome

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint

anthrocentesis

surgical fixation of a joint

arthrodesis

surgical repair of joint

arthroplasty

excision of a bursa

bursectomy

excision of a carpal bone

carpectomy

exicsion of cartilage

chondrectomy

surgical repair of cartilage

chondroplasty

excision of a rib

costectomy

surgical repair of the skull

cranioplasty

incision into the cranium

craniotomy

excision of an intervertebral disk (a portion of the herniated disk is removed to relieve pressure on nerve roots; uses a larger incision than microdiscectomy)

discectomy

incision into fascia (to relieve tension or pressure)

fasciotomy

excision of the maxilla

maxillectomy

excision of a lamina (often performed to relieve pressure on the nerve roots in the lower spine caused by a herniated disk and other conditions)

laminectomy

excision of a meniscus (performed for a torn cartilage)

meniscectomy

small excision of an intervertebral disk (minimally invasive surgery to remove a portion of the herniated disk to relieve pressure on nerve roots)

microdiscectomy

suturing of a muscle

myorrhaphy

incision into a bone

osteotomy

excision of a finger or toe bone

phalangectomy

incision into the vertebral column

rachiotomy

fusing together of the vertebrae (also called spinal fusion) (Note: the prefix syn- appears in the middle of the term.)

spondylosyndesis

excision of (one or more) tarsal bones

tarsectomy

surgical repair of the tendon and muscle

tenomyoplasty

suturing of a tendon

tenorrhaphy

surgical repair of a vertebra (usually performed for compression fractures due to osteoporosis)

vertebroplasty

radiographic imaging of a joint (with contrast media)

arthrography

radiographic imaging of the spinal cord (with contrast media)

myelography

visual exam of a joint

arthroscopy

record of the (intrinsic) electrical activity in a (skeletal) muscle

electromyogram

radiographic imaging, usually of the lumbar spine and hips, to measure bone loss and bone mineral density; the procedure utilizes low doses of radiation and is used in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and monitoring of treatment (also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry [DEXA], bone densitometry, and bone density test)

dual x-ray absorptiometry

blood and urine tests to determine the rate of bone turnover (resorption and formation); often used with DXA to diagnose and monitor treatment of osteoporosis and other bone disorders

bone markers

removal of muscle tissue using a needle or small incision; used to assess musculoskeletal abnormalities involving weakness or pain such as muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis

muscle biopsy

joint pain

arthralgia

without development

atrophy

slow movement

bradykinesia

difficult movement

dyskinesia

abnormal development

dystrophy

abnormal condition of blood in the joint

hemarthrosis

excessive movement (hyperactive)

hyperkinesia

excessive development

hypertrophy

muscle pain

myalgia

pertaining to the carpals

carpal

pertaining to clavicle

clavicular

pertaining to the cranium

cranial

pertaining to the femur

femoral

pertaining to fibula

fibular

pertaining to the humerus

humeral

pertaining to the iliam

iliac

pertaining to the ribs

intercostal

pertaining to the vertebrae

intervertebral

pertaning to within the cranium

intracranial

pertaining to the ischium

ischial

pertaining to loins

lumbar

pertaining to patella

patellar

pertaining to the patella and femur

patellofemoral

pertaining to the phalanx (pl. phalanges) (any bone of the fingers or toes)

phalangeal

pertaining to the pubis

pubic

pertaining to the radius

radial

pertaining to the sacrum

sacral

pertaining to the scapula

scapular

pertaining to the sternum

sternal

pertaining to below the mandible

submandibular

pertaining to below the maxilla

submaxillary

pertaining to below the sternum

substernal

pertaining to above the clavicle

supraclavicular

pertaining to above the patella

suprapatellar

pertaining to tarsals

tarsal

pertaining to tibia

tibial

pertaining to the ulna

ulnar

pertaining to the vertebrae

vertebral

crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint (also called crepitation)

crepitus

artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a limb, joint, or eye

prosthesis

system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column

chiropractic

specialist in manipulation of the vertebral column (chiropractic)

chiropractor

branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system

orthopedics

physician who specializes in the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system

orthopedists

making and fitting of orthopedic appliances used to support, align, prevent, or treat musculoskeletal deformities; examples of appliances include braces, splints, and arch supports

orthotics

specialist in making and fitting appliances used to support, align, prevent or treat musculoskeletal deformities

orthotist

physician who specializes in a system of medicine placing emphasis on the relation between organs and the musculoskeletal system (osteopathy)

osteopath (DO)

system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments

osteopathy

specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment

podiatrists

physician who specializes in the study and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of structures (rheumatic diseases)

rheumatologist

study and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of structures (rheumatic diseases)

rheumatology

moving away from the midline

abduction

move toward midline

adduction

turn inward

inversion

turn outward

eversion

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint

extension

movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint

flexion

movement that turns the palm down

pronation

movement that turns the palm up

supination

turning around its own axis

rotation

carpal tunnel syndrom

CTS

fracture

herniated nucleus pulposus

HNP

musclar dystrophy

myasthenia gravis

osteoarthritis

polymyositis

rheumatoid arthritis

repetitive strain injury

RSI

dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (bone density test)

DEXA

dual x-ray absorptiometry (bone density test)

DXA

electromyogram

EMG

total hip arthroplasty

THA

total knee arthroplasty

TKA

Doctor of Chiropractic

Doctor of Osteopathy

orthopedics

Ortho

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Musculoskeletal Flashcards

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