Musculoskeletal Flashcards
1
Q
organ made up of hard connective tissue with a dense outer layer and spongy inner layer
A
bone
2
Q
dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum
A
compact bone
3
Q
outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue
A
periosteum
4
Q
contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone (also called spongy bone)
A
cancellous bone
5
Q
membranous lining of hollow cavity of bone
A
endosteum
6
Q
shaft of long bone
A
diaphysis
7
Q
end of each long bone
A
epiphysis
8
Q
material found in bone cavities
A
bone marrow
9
Q
thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation
A
red marrow
10
Q
soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones
A
yellow marrow
11
Q
upper jaw bone
A
maxilla
12
Q
lower jawbone
A
mandible
13
Q
made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (s.) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles.
A
vertebral column
14
Q
first set of seven vertebrae, forming the neck
A
cervical vertebrae (c1-c7)
15
Q
second set of 12 vertebrae. They articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine.
A
thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
16
Q
third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine
A
lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
17
Q
next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones, forming joints called the sacroiliac joints
A
sacrum
18
Q
four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone
A
coccyx
19
Q
flat plates of bone that form the vertebral arch, the posterior portion of the spinal canal
A
laminae (lamina)
20
Q
collarbone
A
clavicle
21
Q
shoulder blade
A
scapula
22
Q
extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder
A
acromio process
23
Q
breastbone
A
sternum
24
Q
lower portion of the sternum
A
xiphoid process
25
upper arm bone
humerus
26
lower arm bones
radius/ulna
27
projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow
olecranon process
28
wrist bones
carpal bones
29
hand bones (also called metacarpus)
metacarpal
30
finger and toe bones
phalanx ( phalanges)
31
made up of three bones fused together (also called pelvic bones and hip bones)
pelvis
32
lower, posterior portion of pelvis on which one sits
ischium
33
upper wing shaped part on each side of pelvis
ilium
34
anterior portion of the pelvis
pubis
35
large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur
acetabulum
36
upper leg bone
femur
37
lower leg bones
tibia/fibula
38
kneecap
patella
39
ankle bones
tarsal bones
40
heel bone
calcaneus
41
foot bones
metatarsals
42
junction of two or more bones, which often allows for movement of these bones (also called articulation)
joint
43
firm connective tissue primarily found in joints. Articular cartilage covers the contacting surfaces of bones.
cartilage
44
crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee
meniscus
45
cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine
intervertebral discs
46
cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline
pubis symphysis
47
fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae, and around tendons
synovia
48
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
bursa
49
flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint
ligament
50
band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
ligament
51
strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone
aponeurosis
52
tissue composed of specialized cells with the ability to contract to produce movement; the three types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
muscle
53
band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscles and separates their layers
fascia
54
attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible. Skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. They are also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles. Alternating dark and light bands create striations (stripes). (also called striated muscles
skeletal muscle
55
located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. They are also known as involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily. (also called unstriated muscles)
smooth muscle
56
forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat. (also called myocardium)
cardiac muscle
57
carp/o
carpals
58
clavicul/o
clavicle
59
cost/o
rib
60
crani/o
cranium
61
femor/o
femur
62
fibul/o
fibula
63
humer/o
humerus
64
ili/o
ilium
65
ischi/o
ischium
66
lumb/o
lumbar / loin
67
mandibul/o
mandiblem
68
maxill/o
maxilla
69
myel/o
bone marrow
70
oste/o
bone
71
patell/o
patella
72
pelv/i
pelvis/ pelvic cavity
73
phalang/o
phalanx/phalanges
74
pub/o
pubis
75
rachi/o
vertebra
76
radi/o
radius
77
sacr/o
sacrum
78
scapul/o
scapula
79
stern/o
sternum
80
tars/o
tarsals
81
tibi/o
tibia
82
uln/o
ulna
83
vertebr/o
vertebrae
84
arthr/o
joint
85
burs/o
bursa
86
chondr/o
cartilage
87
disc/o
intervertebral disc
88
fasci/o
fascia
89
lamin/o
lamina
90
menisc/o
meniscus
91
my/o
muscle
92
myos/o
muscle
93
synovi/o
synovia/synovial membrane
94
tendin/o or ten/o
tendon
95
ankyl/o
stiff/bent
96
electr/o
electicity
97
hem/o
blood
98
kineisi/o
movement/motion
99
kyph/o
hump
100
lord/o
bent forward
101
necr/o
death
102
petr/o or lith/o
stone
103
sarc/o
flesh/connective tissue
104
scoli/o
lateral curved spine
105
a-
absent
106
brady-
slow
107
dys-
painful/abnormal/difficult/labored
108
hyper-
above/excessive
109
inter-
between
110
intra-
within
111
micro-
small
112
poly
many, much
113
sub-
under, below
114
supra-
above
115
syn-
together, joined
116
-ac; -al; -ar; -ary; -eal
pertaining to
117
-algia
pain
118
-asthenia
weakness
119
-centesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid
120
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
121
-ectomy
excision/ surgical removal
122
-gram -graphy
radiographic image
123
-ia
diseased or abnormal state
124
-ic
pertaining to
125
-itis
inflammation
126
-malacia
softening
127
-oma
tumor
128
-osis
abnormal condition
129
-penia
abnormal reduction in number
130
-plasty
surgical repair
131
-rrhaphy
suturing/repairing
132
-sarcoma
malignant tumor
133
-schisis
split/fissure
134
-tomy
cut into/incision
135
-trophy
nourishment/development
136
abnormal condition of stiffness (often referring to fusion of a joint, such as the result of chronic rheumatoid arthritis)
ankylosis
137
inflammation of a joint (The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.)
arthritis
138
inflammation of bursa
bursitis
139
softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
140
malignant tumor of cartilage
chondrosarcoma
141
fissure of the cranium
cranioschisis
142
inflammation of an intervertebral disc
discitis
143
nflammation of the fascia (connective tissue enclosing and separating muscle layers)
fasciitis
144
pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep)
fibromyalgia
145
abnormal condition of a hump in spine (humpback)
kyphosis
146
abnormal condition of bending forward (in the lumbar spine) (also called swayback)
lordosis
147
inflammation of a meniscus
meniscitis
148
muscle weakness
myasthenia
149
tumor of bone marrow
myeloma
150
inflammation of the bone
osteitis
151
inflammation of the bone and joint
osteoarthritis (OA)
152
inflammation of the bone and cartilage
osteochondritis
153
tumor composed of bone and cartilage (benign)
osteochondroma
154
softening of bone
osteomalacia
155
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
osteomyelitis
156
abnormal condition of bone death (due to lack of blood supply)
osteonecrosis
157
abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)
osteopenia
158
abnormal condition of stonelike bones (very dense bones caused by defective resorption of bone)
osteopetrosis
159
malignant tumor of bone
osteosarcoma
160
inflammation of many muscles
polymyositis
161
fissure of the vertebral column
rachischitis
162
dissolution of striated muscle (caused by trauma, extreme exertion, or drug toxicity; in severe cases renal failure can result)
rhabdomyolysis
163
abnormal reduction of connective tissue (such as loss of skeletal muscle mass in the elderly)
sarcopenia
164
abnormal condition of (lateral) curved (spine)
scoliosis
165
inflammation of the vertebral joints (also called spondyloarthritis)
spondylarthritis
166
abnormal condition of the vertebrae (a general term used to describe changes to the spine from osteoarthritis or ankylosis)
spondylosis
167
malignant tumor of the synovial membrane
synoviosarcoma
168
inflammation of a tendon (also spelled tendonitis)
tendinitis
169
inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane (Note: the i in synovi is dropped because the suffix begins with an i.)
tenosynovitis
170
form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine (also called Strümpell-Marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatoid spondylitis)
ankylosing spondylitis
171
abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint. It is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shoes. (also called hallux valgus)
bunion
172
common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve; symptoms include pain and tingling in portions of the hand and fingers
carpal tunnel syndrome
173
painful condition caused by increased pressure within a muscle that can lead to ischemia; acute compartment syndrome is a medical emergency and is caused by severe injury
compartment syndrome
174
displacement of bones in a joint from their normal alignment (also called luxation)
dislocation
175
abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (also called spur)
exostosis
176
broken bones
fracture
177
collection of jellylike fluid forming a benign mass arising from joints, most commonly appearing in the wrist, hand, and ankle
ganglion cyst
178
disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, producing arthritis. The great toe is frequently affected.
gout
179
rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus [HNP])
herniated disc
180
infection caused by a bite from a deer tick infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacterium provokes an immune response in the body, the symptoms of which can mimic several musculoskeletal diseases. Patients may experience fever, headache, and joint pain. A rash (target lesion) may initially arise at the site of the tick bite.
Lyme disease
181
group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness
muscular dystrophy (MD)
182
chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx, and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscles exists.
myasthenia gravis (MG)
183
abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women)
osteoporosis
184
inflammation of the connective tissue of the sole of the foot (plantar fascia) due to repetitive injury; common cause of heel pain
plantar fasciitis
185
cumulative damage to joint, muscle, or other tissue caused by movements performed over and over again; characterized by pain, swelling, numbness, and lack of strength and flexibility, most commonly affecting the hands, wrists, elbows, and shoulders
repetitive strain injury (RSI)
186
chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
187
damage to one or more of the four tendons stabilizing the shoulder joint due to injury or degeneration; symptoms may include pain, limited range of motion, and muscle weakness
rotator cuff disease
188
narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is either congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in the lower extremities.
spinal stenosis
189
forward slipping of one vertebra over another
spondylolisthesis
190
abnormal stretching or tearing of a ligament that supports a joint
sprain
191
abnormal stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon
strain
192
partial dislocation of bones in a joint
subluxation
193
painful foot disorder caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it passes through the ankle
tarsal tunnel syndrome
194
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint
anthrocentesis
195
surgical fixation of a joint
arthrodesis
196
surgical repair of joint
arthroplasty
197
excision of a bursa
bursectomy
198
excision of a carpal bone
carpectomy
199
exicsion of cartilage
chondrectomy
200
surgical repair of cartilage
chondroplasty
201
excision of a rib
costectomy
202
surgical repair of the skull
cranioplasty
203
incision into the cranium
craniotomy
204
excision of an intervertebral disk (a portion of the herniated disk is removed to relieve pressure on nerve roots; uses a larger incision than microdiscectomy)
discectomy
205
incision into fascia (to relieve tension or pressure)
fasciotomy
206
excision of the maxilla
maxillectomy
207
excision of a lamina (often performed to relieve pressure on the nerve roots in the lower spine caused by a herniated disk and other conditions)
laminectomy
208
excision of a meniscus (performed for a torn cartilage)
meniscectomy
209
small excision of an intervertebral disk (minimally invasive surgery to remove a portion of the herniated disk to relieve pressure on nerve roots)
microdiscectomy
210
suturing of a muscle
myorrhaphy
211
incision into a bone
osteotomy
212
excision of a finger or toe bone
phalangectomy
213
incision into the vertebral column
rachiotomy
214
fusing together of the vertebrae (also called spinal fusion) (Note: the prefix syn- appears in the middle of the term.)
spondylosyndesis
215
excision of (one or more) tarsal bones
tarsectomy
216
surgical repair of the tendon and muscle
tenomyoplasty
217
suturing of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
218
surgical repair of a vertebra (usually performed for compression fractures due to osteoporosis)
vertebroplasty
219
radiographic imaging of a joint (with contrast media)
arthrography
220
radiographic imaging of the spinal cord (with contrast media)
myelography
221
visual exam of a joint
arthroscopy
222
record of the (intrinsic) electrical activity in a (skeletal) muscle
electromyogram
223
radiographic imaging, usually of the lumbar spine and hips, to measure bone loss and bone mineral density; the procedure utilizes low doses of radiation and is used in the diagnosis of osteoporosis and monitoring of treatment (also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry [DEXA], bone densitometry, and bone density test)
dual x-ray absorptiometry
224
blood and urine tests to determine the rate of bone turnover (resorption and formation); often used with DXA to diagnose and monitor treatment of osteoporosis and other bone disorders
bone markers
225
removal of muscle tissue using a needle or small incision; used to assess musculoskeletal abnormalities involving weakness or pain such as muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and polymyositis
muscle biopsy
226
joint pain
arthralgia
227
without development
atrophy
228
slow movement
bradykinesia
229
difficult movement
dyskinesia
230
abnormal development
dystrophy
231
abnormal condition of blood in the joint
hemarthrosis
232
excessive movement (hyperactive)
hyperkinesia
233
excessive development
hypertrophy
234
muscle pain
myalgia
235
pertaining to the carpals
carpal
236
pertaining to clavicle
clavicular
237
pertaining to the cranium
cranial
238
pertaining to the femur
femoral
239
pertaining to fibula
fibular
240
pertaining to the humerus
humeral
241
pertaining to the iliam
iliac
242
pertaining to the ribs
intercostal
243
pertaining to the vertebrae
intervertebral
244
pertaning to within the cranium
intracranial
245
pertaining to the ischium
ischial
246
pertaining to loins
lumbar
247
pertaining to patella
patellar
248
pertaining to the patella and femur
patellofemoral
249
pertaining to the phalanx (pl. phalanges) (any bone of the fingers or toes)
phalangeal
250
pertaining to the pubis
pubic
251
pertaining to the radius
radial
252
pertaining to the sacrum
sacral
253
pertaining to the scapula
scapular
254
pertaining to the sternum
sternal
255
pertaining to below the mandible
submandibular
256
pertaining to below the maxilla
submaxillary
257
pertaining to below the sternum
substernal
258
pertaining to above the clavicle
supraclavicular
259
pertaining to above the patella
suprapatellar
260
pertaining to tarsals
tarsal
261
pertaining to tibia
tibial
262
pertaining to the ulna
ulnar
263
pertaining to the vertebrae
vertebral
264
crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint (also called crepitation)
crepitus
265
artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a limb, joint, or eye
prosthesis
266
system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column
chiropractic
267
specialist in manipulation of the vertebral column (chiropractic)
chiropractor
268
branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system
orthopedics
269
physician who specializes in the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system
orthopedists
270
making and fitting of orthopedic appliances used to support, align, prevent, or treat musculoskeletal deformities; examples of appliances include braces, splints, and arch supports
orthotics
271
specialist in making and fitting appliances used to support, align, prevent or treat musculoskeletal deformities
orthotist
272
physician who specializes in a system of medicine placing emphasis on the relation between organs and the musculoskeletal system (osteopathy)
osteopath (DO)
273
system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments
osteopathy
274
specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment
podiatrists
275
physician who specializes in the study and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of structures (rheumatic diseases)
rheumatologist
276
study and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of structures (rheumatic diseases)
rheumatology
277
moving away from the midline
abduction
278
move toward midline
adduction
279
turn inward
inversion
280
turn outward
eversion
281
movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint
extension
282
movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint
flexion
283
movement that turns the palm down
pronation
284
movement that turns the palm up
supination
285
turning around its own axis
rotation
286
carpal tunnel syndrom
CTS
287
fracture
fx
288
herniated nucleus pulposus
HNP
289
musclar dystrophy
MD
290
myasthenia gravis
MG
291
osteoarthritis
OA
292
polymyositis
PM
293
rheumatoid arthritis
RA
294
repetitive strain injury
RSI
295
dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (bone density test)
DEXA
296
dual x-ray absorptiometry (bone density test)
DXA
297
electromyogram
EMG
298
total hip arthroplasty
THA
299
total knee arthroplasty
TKA
300
Doctor of Chiropractic
DC
301
Doctor of Osteopathy
DO
302
orthopedics
Ortho
303
