Endocrine System

Question 1

approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain. The pituitary is divided into two lobes. It is often referred to as the master gland because it produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands. (also called hypophysis cerebri)

Answer 1

Pituitary gland

Question 2

produces and secretes the following hormones (also called adenohypophysis):

Answer 2

anterior lobe

Question 3

regulates the growth of body

Answer 3

growth hormone

Question 4

stimulates adrenal cortex

Answer 4

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 5

stimulates thyroid gland

Answer 5

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 6

stimulate the gonads (the testes in males and ovaries in females). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are the gonadotropic hormones released from the adenohypophysis.

Answer 6

gonadotropic hormones

Question 7

promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after birth of an infant

Answer 7

prolactin

Question 8

stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin (also called neurohypophysis)

Answer 8

posterior lobe

Question 9

stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water and constricts blood vessels to help maintain blood pressure (also called vasopressin)

Answer 9

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 10

stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum, and milk let down by the breasts postpartum

Answer 10

oxytocin

Question 11

located superior to the pituitary gland in the brain. The hypothalamus secretes “releasing” hormones that function to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones.

Answer 11

hypothalamus

Question 12

largest endocrine gland. It is located anteriorly in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus (Fig. 16.3C). The thyroid gland secretes the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which require iodine for their production. Thyroxine is necessary for body cell metabolism.

Answer 12

thyroid gland

Question 13

four small bodies embedded in the posterior aspect of the lobes of the thyroid gland (Fig. 16.3D). Parathyroid hormone (PTH), the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood by its effects on bone and kidneys.

Answer 13

parathyroid gland

Question 14

clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Non-endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas produce enzymes that facilitate digestion (Fig. 16.4).

Answer 14

islets of Langerhans

Question 15

paired glands, one of which is located superior to each kidney. The outer portion is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner portion is called the adrenal medulla. The following hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands:

Answer 15

adrenal glands

Question 16

secreted by the adrenal cortex. It aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy (also called hydrocortisone).

Answer 16

cortisol

Question 17

secreted by the adrenal cortex. Electrolytes (mineral salts) that are necessary for normal body function are regulated by this hormone.

Answer 17

aldosterone

Question 18

secreted by the adrenal medulla. These hormones help the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations. (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline, respectively)

Answer 18

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 19

adren/o

Answer 19

adrenal glands

Question 20

adrenal/o

Answer 20

adrenal glands

Question 21

cortic/o

Answer 21

cortex (outer layer of body organ)

Question 22

endocrin/o

Answer 22

endocrine

Question 23

parathyroid/o

Answer 23

parathyroid glands

Question 24

pituitar/o

Answer 24

pituitary gland

Question 25

thyroid/o

Answer 25

thyroid gland

Question 26

acr/o

Answer 26

extremities, height

Question 27

calc/i

Answer 27

calcium

Question 28

dips/o

Answer 28

thirst

Question 29

glyc/o

Answer 29

sugar

Question 30

kal/i

Answer 30

potassium

Question 31

natr/o

Answer 31

sodium

Question 32

eu-

Answer 32

normal/good

Question 33

hyper-

Answer 33

excessive/above

Question 34

hypo-

Answer 34

below/ deficient

Question 35

pan-

Answer 35

all, total

Question 36

poly-

Answer 36

many

Question 37

syn-

Answer 37

together/joined

Question 38

-al

Answer 38

pertaining to

Question 39

-drome

Answer 39

run, running

Question 40

-ectomy

Answer 40

excision, surgical removal

Question 41

-emia

Answer 41

in the blood

Question 42

-ia

Answer 42

diseased or abnormal state

Question 43

-ism

Answer 43

state of

Question 44

-itis

Answer 44

inflammation

Question 45

-logist

Answer 45

one who studies and treats

Question 46

-logy

Answer 46

study of

Question 47

-megaly

Answer 47

enlargement

Question 48

-oma

Answer 48

tumor/swelling

Question 49

-pathy

Answer 49

disease

Question 50

-plasia

Answer 50

condition of formation, development/growth

Question 51

enlargement of the extremities (and face due to increased soft tissue, bone, and cartilage; caused by excessive production of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland after puberty)

Answer 51

acromegaly

Question 52

inflammation of adrenal glands

Answer 52

adrenalitis

Question 53

enlargement of the adrenal glands

Answer 53

adrenomegaly

Question 54

any disease of the endocrine system

Answer 54

endocrinopathy

Question 55

excessive calcium in the blood

Answer 55

hypercalcemia

Question 56

excessive sugar in blood

Answer 56

hyperglycemia

Question 57

excessive potassium in blood

Answer 57

hyperkalemia

Question 58

state of excessive parathyroid gland activity (resulting in hypercalcemia and leading to osteoporosis, as well as symptoms of muscle weakness, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness)

Answer 58

hyperparathyroidism

Question 59

state of excessive pituitary gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of pituitary hormones)

Answer 59

hyperpituitarism

Question 60

state of excessive thyroid gland activity (characterized by excessive secretion of thyroid hormones; signs and symptoms include tachycardia, weight loss, irritability, and heat intolerance)

Answer 60

hyperthyroidism

Question 61

deficient calcium in blood

Answer 61

hypocalcemia

Question 62

deficient sugar in blood

Answer 62

hypoglycemia

Question 63

deficient potassium in the blood

Answer 63

hypokalemia

Question 64

deficient sodium in blood

Answer 64

hyponatremia

Question 65

state of deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of one or more of the pituitary hormones, which can affect the function of the target endocrine gland; for example, hypothyroidism can result from decreased secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone by the pituitary gland)

Answer 65

hypopituitarism

Question 66

state of deficient thyroid gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of thyroid hormones; signs and symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance)

Answer 66

hypothyroidism

Question 67

state of total deficient pituitary gland activity (characterized by decreased secretion of all the anterior pituitary hormones; this is a more serious condition than hypopituitarism in that it affects the function of all the other endocrine glands)

Answer 67

panhypopituitarism

Question 68

tumor of parathyroid gland

Answer 68

parathyoidoma

Question 69

inflammation of the thyroid gland

Answer 69

thyroiditis

Question 70

chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex. Signs and symptoms may include weakness, weight loss, hypotension, darkening of skin, and loss of appetite.

Answer 70

addison disease

Question 71

condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy (wasting away) of the thyroid gland, resulting in hypothyroidism. The disease is characterized by puffy features, mental deficiency, large tongue, and short stature.

Answer 71

congenital hypothyroidism

Question 72

group of signs and symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices (pl. of cortex). This syndrome may be the result of a pituitary tumor that produces ACTH or a primary adrenal cortex hypersecretion. Signs include abnormally pigmented skin, “moon face,” pads of fat on the chest and abdomen, “buffalo hump” (fat on the upper back), wasting away of muscle, and hypertension.

Answer 72

cushing syndrome

Question 73

result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Symptoms include excessive thirst (polydipsia), large amounts of urine (polyuria), and water being excreted from the body.

Answer 73

diabetes insipidus

Question 74

chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by under-activity of the insulin-producing islets of Langerhans and characterized by elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia). DM can cause chronic renal disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy. In extreme cases the patient may develop ketosis, acidosis, and finally coma (Table 16.1).

Answer 74

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Question 75

condition brought about by hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty

Answer 75

gigantism

Question 76

autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the production of more thyroid hormone than the body needs (hyperthyroidism), goiter, and exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs)

Answer 76

grave’s disease

Question 77

disease in which thyroid gland cells are destroyed by autoimmune processes. Characterized by hypothyroidism and goiter; more common in females.

Answer 77

Hashimoto thyroiditis

Question 78

serious condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in which acid ketones accumulate from fat metabolism in the absence of adequate insulin. If not promptly controlled by adequate insulin and hydration, can progress to coma and death.

Answer 78

ketoacidosis

Question 79

group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat around the area of the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of the “good” cholesterol HDL. Risks include development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, or stroke (also called syndrome X and insulin resistance syndrome).

Answer 79

metabolic syndrome

Question 80

condition resulting from an extreme deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine; a severe form of hypothyroidism in an adult. Signs include puffiness of the face and hands, coarse and thickened skin, enlarged tongue, slow speech, and anemia.

Answer 80

myxedema

Question 81

malignant cancer that often starts in the adrenal medulla, composed of immature nerve cells. Primarily affects children.

Answer 81

neuroblastoma

Question 82

tumor of the adrenal medulla, which is usually non-malignant and characterized by hypertension, headaches, palpitations, diaphoresis, chest pain, and abdominal pain. Surgical removal of the tumor is the most common treatment. Though usually curable with early detection, it can be fatal if untreated.

Answer 82

pheochromocytoma

Question 83

condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones

Answer 83

thyrotoxicosis

Question 84

excision of (one or both) adrenal glands

Answer 84

adrenalectomy

Question 85

excision of parathyroid gland/s

Answer 85

parathyroidectomy

Question 86

excision of thyroid gland

Answer 86

thyroidectomy

Question 87

nuclear medicine scan that measures thyroid function, particularly when distinguishing different causes of hyperthyroidism. Radioactive iodine is given to the patient orally, after which the amount of its uptake into the thyroid gland is measured. Images of the gland can also be obtained using this procedure.

Answer 87

radioactive iodine uptake

Question 88

nuclear medicine procedure used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands. The glands that take up an abnormal amount of radioactive substance are identified and selected for surgical removal; the other parathyroid glands may be left in place.

Answer 88

sestamibi parathyroid

Question 89

ultrasound test of the thyroid gland used to help determine whether a thyroid nodule is likely benign or possibly malignant, including whether it is cystic or solid. Also used to help guide a fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy.

Answer 89

thyroid sonography

Question 90

blood test to determine the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood after fasting for 8 to 10 hours. Elevation may indicate diabetes mellitus.

Answer 90

fasting blood sugar

Question 91

biopsy technique that uses a narrow hollow needle to obtain tiny amounts of tissue for pathologic examination. Thyroid nodules are frequently biopsied using FNA.

Answer 91

fine needle aspiration

Question 92

blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor its treatment by measuring the amount of glucose (sugar) bound to hemoglobin in the blood. HbA1c provides an indication of blood sugar level over the past three months, covering the 120-day lifespan of the red blood cell (also called glycated hemoglobin, hemoglobin A1c, and A1c test).

Answer 92

glycosylated hemoglobin

Question 93

blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood; used to diagnose thyroid disorders and to monitor patients on thyroid replacement therapy

Answer 93

thyroid stimulating hormone level

Question 94

blood test that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood. A greater-than-normal amount indicates hyperthyroidism; a less-than-normal amount indicates hypothyroidism.

Answer 94

thyroxine level (T4)

Question 95

excessive development of the adrenal cortex (Note: hyper, a prefix, appears within this term.)

Answer 95

adrenocorticohyperplasia

Question 96

normal (level of) sugar in the blood (within normal range)

Answer 96

euglycemia

Question 97

normal thyroid gland activity

Answer 97

euthyroid

Question 98

sugar in the blood

Answer 98

glycemia

Question 99

abnormal state of much thirst

Answer 99

polydipsia

Question 100

physician who studies and treats diseases of the endocrine (system)

Answer 100

endocrinologist

Question 101

study of endocrine system

Answer 101

endocrinology

Question 102

pertaining to the cortex

Answer 102

corical

Question 103

run together (signs and symptoms occurring together that are characteristic of a specific disorder)

Answer 103

syndrome

Question 104

abnormal protrusion of the eyeball

Answer 104

exophthalmos

Question 105

enlargement of the thyroid gland. May be caused by autoimmune diseases of the thyroid (Graves disease or Hashimoto thyroiditis), iodine deficiency, or the presence of multiple nodules.

Answer 105

goiter

Question 106

condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone

Answer 106

tetany

Question 107

chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue

Answer 107

hormone

Question 108

a group of hormones produced by the gastrointestinal system that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and help preserve the beta cells. Incretin mimetics are medications that copy this action and help control blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Answer 108

incretins

Question 109

sum total of chemical process that take place in a living organism

Answer 109

metabolism

Question 110

DI

Answer 110

diabetes inspidus

Question 111

DKA

Answer 111

diabetes ketoacidosis

Question 112

DM

Answer 112

diabetes mellitus

Question 113

SIADH

Answer 113

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Question 114

T1DM

Answer 114

type 1 diabetes mellitus

Question 115

T2DM

Answer 115

type 2 diabetes mellitus

Question 116

ACTH

Answer 116

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 117

ADH

Answer 117

antidiuretic hormone

Question 118

FBS

Answer 118

fasting blood sugar

Question 119

FNA

Answer 119

fine needle aspiration

Question 120

FSH

Answer 120

follicle-stimulating hormone

Question 121

GH

Answer 121

growth hormone

Question 122

HbA1c

Answer 122

glycosylated hemoglobin

Question 123

LH

Answer 123

luteinizing hormone

Question 124

PRL

Answer 124

prolactin

Question 125

PTH

Answer 125

parathyroid hormone

Question 126

RAIU

Answer 126

radioactive iodine uptake

Question 127

TSH

Answer 127

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Question 128

T4

Answer 128

throxine level