chapter 6: urinary tract Flashcards
one of two bean shaped organs located on each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity covered anteriorly by the parietal peritoneum
- Their function is to remove waste products from the blood and to aid in maintaining water and electrolyte balances
kidney
urine-producing microscopic structure; approximately 1 million nephrons are located in each kidney
nephron
cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron. the process of filtering the blood, thereby forming urine, begins here
- glomus = ball of thread
glomerulus
funnel shaped reservoir in the kidney that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter
renal pelvis
indentation on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, vein, and pelvis are located and the ureter leaves the kidney
hilum
two slender tubes, approximately 10-13 inches long, that receive urine from the kidneys and carry it to the posterior portion of the bladder
ureters
lowest part of urinary tract through which the urine passes from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
- narrow tube varies in length by sex: 1.5 in in females and 8in in males
- carries seminal fluid at the time of ejaculation
urethra
opening through which urine passes through to outside
urinary meatus
cyst/o
bladder/sac
glomerul/o
glomerulus
meat/o
meatus
nephr/o
kidney
pyel/o
renal pelvis
ren/o
kidney
ureter/o
ureter
urethr/o
urethra
vesic/o
bladder/sac
albumin/o
albumin
azot/o
urea/nitrogen
blast/o
developing cell/ germ cell
glycos/o
sugar
hem/o
blood
hydr/o
water
lith/o
stones/calculus
noct/i
night
olig/o
scanty/few
son/o
sound
ur/o
urine/urinary tract
urin/o
urine/urinary tract
a- / an-
absense of/without
dys
abnormal, painful, difficult, labored
poly
many/much
trans
through, across/beyond
-al
pertaining to
-ary
pertaining to
-cele
hernia/protrusion
-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
-emia
in the blood
-gram
the record, radiographic image
-ia
diseased of abnormal state, condition of
-iasis
condition
-itis
inflammation
-lith
stones/ calculus
-logist
one who studies/treats
-logy
study of
-lysis
loosening, dissolution, separating
-megaly
enlargement
-oma
tumor/swelling
-osis
abnormal condition
-pexy
surgical fixation
-plasty
surgical repair
-ptosis
drooping/sagging, prolapse
-scope
visual exam
-stomy
creation of artificial opening
-tomy
cut into/incision
-tripsy
surgical cushioning
-uria
urine/urination
inflammation of bladder
cystisis
protrusion of bladder
cystocele
stones in bladder
cystolith
inflammation of glomeruli of kidney
glomerulonephritis
abnormal condition of water in the kidney
hydronephrosis
inflammation of kidney
nephritis
kidney tumor; primarily always attacks children
nephroblastoma/wilms tumor
condition of stones in kidney
nephrolithiasis
tumor of kidney
nephroma
enlargement of kidney
nephromegaly
drooping kidney (also called floating kidney) occurs when kidney is no longer held in place and drops out of its normal position
nephroptosis
inflammation of renal pelvis
pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney
pyelonephritis
urine (urea nitrogen) in the blood (refers the presence of azotemia and a wide range of signs and symptoms associated with chronic kidney disease, including polyuria (excessive urination) polydipsia (excessive thirst), vomiting, and weight loss; associated with renal failure) also called uremic syndrome
uremia
inflammation of ureter
ureteritis
protrusion of ureter
ureterocele
condition of stones in ureter
ureterolithiasis
inflammation of urethra
urethritis
narrowing of ureter
ureterostenosis
inflammation of the urethra and the bladder
urethrocystitis
reflux pertaining to the bladder and ureter (condition which urine flows backward towards the kidneys; occur in up to 10% of children and some adults)
vesicoureteral reflux
abrupt decline in kidney function that occurs over horus to days and is usually reversible (also called acute renal failure (ARF)
acute kidney injury (AKI)
progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function (also called chronic renal failure (CRF)
chronic kidney disease/chronic renal disease
condition in which kidneys no longer function on their own, dialysis or kidney transplant is necessary for survival
End-stage renal disease (ESRD)
congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis
epispadias
congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the underside of the penis; females may also have a form where the urinary meatus is unusually located
hypospadias
condition in which the kidney contains many cysts causing progressive interference with the ability to form urine
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
stone in kidney
renal calculus
elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
renal hypertension
abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate
urinary retention
sudden stoppage of urine formation
urine suppression
infection of one or more organs of urinary tract
UTI
excision of bladder
cystectomy
incision into the bladder to remove stones
cystolithotomy
creation of an artificial opening in to the bladder (for urinary drainage) also called vesicostomy
systostomy
surgical crushing of stones using shock waves
lithotripsy
incision into the meatus (to enlarge it)
meatotomy
excision of kidney
nephrectomy
incision into the kidney to remove stones
nephrolithotomy
surgical cushioning of stones in the kidney using shock waves
nephrolithtripsy
separating of kidneys
nephrolysis
surgical fixation of the kidney
nephropexy
creation of an artificial opening to kidney
nephrostomy
incision into the renal pelvis to remove stones
pyelolithotomy
surgical repair of the renal pelvis
pyeloplasty
excision of ureter
ureterectomy
creation of artificial opening in ureter
ureterostomy
surgical repair of the urethra
urethroplasty
creation of an artificial opening into the urinary system
urostomy
suspension pertaining to the bladder and urethra
vesicourethral suspension
noninvasive surgical procedure to crush stone(s) in the kidney or ureter by administration of repeated shock waves; stone fragments are eliminated from the body in urine
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
destruction of living tissue with an electric spark (a method commonly used to destroy bladder growths)
fulguration
surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient with inadequate renal function
renal transplant
instrument used for visual exam of bladder
cystoscope
visual exam of bladder
cystoscopy
visual exam of kidney
nephroscopy
visual exam of ureter
ureteroscopy
simple radiographic image of the abdomen; often used to view the kidneys, ureters, and bladder to determine their size, shape and location or to identify radiopaque calculi in these structures
KUB
test that measures amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea; an increased BUN detects an abnormality in renal function
blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
blood test that measures the amount of waste product in the blood that comes from the normal wear and tear of muscles; an elevated amount may indicate impaired kidney function
creatinine
test performed on a urine specimen to measure the conc or diluting ability of kidneys
specific gravity (SG)
multiple routine tests performed on a urine specimen; visual exam and chemical analysis of a urine specimen provides screening for blood, glucose, proteins, ect.
urinalysis (UA)
test performed on a urine specimen to determine the presence of bacteria and yeast; used to diagnose urinary tract infections
urine culture and sensitivity
pertaining to the force and flow of urine within the urinary tract; examine the process of voiding and tests bladder tone
urodynamics
albumin in the blood (important protein in blood) but when found in the urine, may indicate kidney disease; small amounts may be present in the absence of kidney disease
albuminuria
absence of urine (failure to produce)
anuria
nitrogen in the blood
azotemia
difficult or painful urination
dysuria
sugar (glucose) in urine
glycosuria
blood in urine
hematuria
night urination
nocturia
scanty urine
oliguria
excessive urine
polyuria
pus in urine
pyuria
physician who studies and treats diseases of kidney
nephrologist
study of kidney
nephrology
physician who studies and treats diseases of urinary tract
urologist
study of urinary tract
urology
pertaining to within the urinary bladder
intravesical
pertaining to meatus
meatal
pertaining to though the urethra
transurethral
pertaining to urine
urinary
involuntary urination: nocturnal enuresis: or bed wetting; diurnal enuresis: daytime wetting; may be caused by small bladder
enuresis
displacement of an organ or anatomic structure from normal position
ptosis/prolaspe
abnormal narrowing, such as a urethral stricture
stricture
inability to control bladder causing leakage of urine
urinary incontinence
agent that promotes the formation and excretion of urine
diuretic
procedure removing impurities from the blood because of an inability of the kidneys to do so
hemodialysis (HD)
procedure for removing toxic wastes when the kidney is unable to do so; the peritoneal cavity is used as the receptacle for the fluid used in the dialysis
peritoneal dialysis
passage of catheter into the urinary bladder to withdraw urine
urinary catheterization
flexible, tubelike device such as urinary catheter
catheter
receptacle for urine
urinal
distended
stretch out bladder (distended when full)
minerals in body, such as sodium and potassium, that can carry electrolyte charge
electrolyte
void or evacuate waste material, especially urine
void
acute kidney injury
AKI
acute renal failure
ARF
chronic kidney disease
CKD
chronic renal failure
CRF
end stage renal disease
ESRD
overactive bladder
OAB
polycystic kidney disease
PKD
urinary tract infection
UTI
vesicoureteral reflux
VUR
blood, urea, nitrogen
BUN
kidney ureter and bladder
KUB
specific gravity
SG
urinalysis
UA
voiding cystourethrography
VCUG
catheterization/catheter
cath
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
ESWL
hemodialysis
HD
