Respiratory System Flashcards by Garrett Handley

Pulmonary Ventilation

Process of air moving in and out of the lungs.

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Boyles Law

Volume and pressure are inversely proportional.

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Daltons Law

Each gas exerts a partial pressure. Total pressure is the sum of all partial pressures.

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Henrys Law

The greater the partial pressure, the more soluble the gas is.

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Inspiration

Respiratory Muscles- Contract

Volume- Increases

Pressure- Decreases

Air Flow- Inward

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Expiration

Respiratory Muscles- Relax

Volume- Decreases

Pressure- Increases

Air Flow- Outward

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Lung Volumes

TV- normal, quiet breathing

IRV- maximal inspiration

ERV- maximal expiration

RV- non moveable air, keeps airway open

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Lung Capacities

VC- sum of all moveable air (TV+IRV+ERV)

TLC- sum of all lung volumes (TV+IRV+EV+RV)

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Factors that Affect Pulmonary Ventilation

Increases resistance= low air flow

Increased surface tension= alveolar collapse

Decreased compliance= poor ventilation

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Factors that increase breating rate and depth

Cerebrum (voluntary)

Hypothalamus (involuntary)

Chemoreceptors (02, Co2, pH)

Proprioceptors (movement/ exercise)

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Factors that decrease breathing rate and depth

Cerebrum (voluntary)

Hypothalamus (involuntary)

Stretch receptors

Irritant receptors

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External Respiration

process of breathing, which involves inhaling oxygen and exhaling CO2.

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Internal Respiration

process by which 02 and CO2 are exchanged between blood and cells of the body.

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Factors that affect partial pressure gradients (Daltons Law)

Ex Resp- PO2 greater in alveoli than in bloodstream, O2 enters bloodstream. PCO2 greater in bloodstream than in alveoli, CO2 leaves bloodstream and enters alveoli to be exhaled.

Int Resp- PO2 greater in BS than in tissues. O2 leaves BS and enters tissues. PCO2 greater in tissues than in BS, CO2 enters BS.

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Factors that affect Gas Solubility (Henrys Law)

O2 relies on steep partial pressure gradients to diffuse across membranes.

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Factors that affect Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling

EX RESP

If ventilation goes down… perfusion also needs to go down. Pulmonary arterioles need to constrict.

If ventilation goes up… perfusion also needs to go up. Pulmonary arterioles need to dilate.

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Factors that affect Respiratory Membrane Structure

EX RESP

Low thickness and high surface area maximize gas exchange.

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Gas Transport

the process by which oxygen is taken from inhaled air in the lungs and transported into the bloodstream

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Oxygen Transport

the process where inhaled oxygen moves from the lungs into the bloodstream, primarily by binding to the protein hemoglobin within red blood cells, and is then carried throughout the body to tissues where it is released for cellular use

In Oxygen Transport <2% of O2 will…

dissolve directly into plasma

In Oxygen Transport >98% of O2 will…

bind to the iron in heme portion of hgb

O2-HGB Saturation Curve

% of 02 binding HGB

Factors that affect 02-HGB binding

Po2- 02 is released from HGB in areas of low po2

PCO2- 02 is released from HGB in areas of high PCO2

pH- 02 is released from HGB in areas of low pH

Temp- 02 is released from HGB at high temps

Carbon Dioxide Transport

carbon dioxide is transported from tissues throughout the body to the lungs primarily as bicarbonate ions within the bloodstream, where it is then diffused into the alveoli and exhaled, with a small portion carried dissolved in plasma and bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells

In CO2 transport 7% of CO2 will...

dissolve directly into plasma

In CO2 transport 23% of CO2 will...

bind globin portion of HGB

In CO2 transport 70% of CO2 will...

go through chem reaction that produces H+ and HCO3

In CO2 transport at the tissue level

-Cells make CO2 and load it into bloodstream

In CO2 transport at the lung level

-CO2 loaded in BS undergoes external respiration

Hypercapnia

-caused by hypoventilation -elevated CO2 drives reaction forward and causes respiratory acidosis

Hypocapnia

-caused by hyperventilation -low CO2 drives reverse reaction and causes respiratory alkalosis

Nasal Cavity: Gross Anatomy

-Nasal vestibule contains vibrissae (nose hairs) that filter out large particles -Olfactory nerves provide sense of smell -Nasal conchae are lined with respiratory mucosa that warms (thanks to blood vessels) & humidifies air (thanks to mucus)

Nasal Cavity: Microscopic Anatomy

Pseudostratified ciliated with goblet cells -Goblet cells produce mucus -Cilia sweep

Pharynx: Gross Anatomy

-Nasopharynx has uvula that raises to seal nasal cavity while swallowing -Oropharynx is where respiratory and digestive tracts converge -Laryngopharynx is where respiratory and digestive tracts diverge

Pharynx: Microscopic Anatomy

Nasopharynx - Pseudostratified ciliated with goblet cells -Oropharynx – Stratified squamous -Laryngopharynx – Stratified squamous

Larynx: Gross Anatomy

* Contains hyaline cartilage for structural support * Epiglottis is composed of elastic cartilage that covers the glottis while swallowing * Glottis is the hole that allows air to pass through * Vocal folds are vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound

Larynx: Microscopic Anatomy

Pseudostratified ciliated with goblet cells

Trachea: Gross Anatomy

-C-shaped cartilage rings are rigid enough to resist airway collapse but also flexible enough to accommodate increased respiration and forceful coughing -Trachealis muscle allows for forceful breathing/ coughing

Trachea: Microscopic Anatomy

Mucosa: Pseudostratified ciliated with goblet cells Submucosa: Seromucous glands Adventitia: Hyaline cartilage

Bronchial Tree: Gross Anatomy

* Primary bronchi * Lobar bronchi * Segmental bronchi * Bronchioles * Terminal bronchioles * Respiratory bronchioles have alveolar ducts that lead to alveolar sacs

Bronchial Tree: Microscopic Anatomy

-Cartilage content decreases. * Pseudostratified transitions to simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous epithelium * Cilia becomes sparse and goblet cells eventually disappear * As cartilage content decreases, smooth muscle content increases.

Lungs: Gross Anatomy

-Surrounded by pleural membranes -Right lung is larger and has 3 lobes -Left lung is smaller and has 2 lobes and a cardiac notch

Lungs: Microscopic Anatomy

Type I cells are simple squamous cells that form alveolar walls Type II cells secrete surfactant to prevent alveolar collapse Alveolar macrophages are phagocytic

The Respiratory Membrane

* Fusion between alveolar and pulmonary capillary walls * Function: Site for gas exchange * Special Features:  Low thickness for easy gas diffusion  High surface area to maximize gas exchange

4 events of Respiratory Physiology

1.Pulmonary Ventilation 2.External Respiration 3.Gas Transport 4.Internal Respiration